ࡱ>   g  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root EntrydO)>!@SummaryInformation( @DocumentSummaryInformation8PowerPoint Document(՜.+,D՜.+,d    YINꁚ[IN (\dlKSOProductBuildVer2052-10.1.0.5777      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Oh+'0,8LXdt   9Wih4ls^Y}Ջv N~^~'` gPCQ!jb k Hel (WSN]N'Yf[,W(g] zf[b _lς WSN210009) SOHOU\?zwuyiwei36@$ks@T0G{1< wx&" WMFCZE- {țlh{1< EMFțQVfZU"F, EMF+@``FH<EMF+*@$t;t;0@?@ !@ *@$t;t;*@$t;t;@tFGGD3?G>?@?? @$RGG!b % '% % V0h88h8h% % ( '% % V08hv8vhvh88% % ( '% % V0vhvhhvv% % ( '% % V0hhh% % ( '% % V0hhh% % ( '% % V0hhh% % ( '% % V0hhh% % ( '% % V0hhh% % ( '% % V0h''h'h% % ( '% % V0'h<'<h<h''% % ( '% % V0<hO<OhOh<<% % ( '% % V0Oh]O]h]hOO% % ( '% % V0]hl]lhlh]]% % ( '% % V0lhzlzhzhll% % ( '% % V0zhzhhzz% % ( '% % V0hhh% % ( '% % V0hhh% % ( '% % V0hhh% % ( '% % V0hhh% % ( % " FEMF+*@$t;t;*@$t;t;*@$t;t;""@> A*@$t;t;""@.@@ !# t;t;""@.@$$t;t;""@.@  f Rp$Times New RomanXjfyhyXj nnn'jhy((Vq$SjLVqlGjLܻ a@mIT; EXvkIkI 2`ItIxnI$( vLvP(((tRjdv% TD] 3F)LEffects of Word Concreteness and Spacing 0hh!h!!00h!!h!!!h% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;""@.@$$t;t;""@.@  f % Ts m@ Lon EFL Vocabulary Acquisition!hph!!h!!0!% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;""@.@$$t;t;""@.@  f Rp|ўSOXj2z2zXj:6P-,SOSOSO'j2z>6P>6PVq$SjLVq+lGjLܻhIa@mIe|@P4HEXvkI rvh HIIa@mI($`1 vLvP(((sRjdv% T` %aLT4Tޘ% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;""@.@$$t;t;""@.@  f % Tb#(6LtWSN]N'Yf[ YVef[f[b _lς>% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;""@.@$$t;t;""@.@  f % TT#(M~LP K% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;""@.@$$t;t;""@.@  f % TX#(1LPWSN% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;""@.@$$t;t;""@.@  f % Tp#(LX211816% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;""@.@$$t;t;""@.@  f % TT#(LP G% " FEMF+*@$t;t;""@> A*@$t;t;*@$t;t;u?;B*@$t;t;*@$t;t;@B*@$t;t;@B@ !# t;t;@B$$t;t;@B  33 RpWingdingsXj"z$zXj­2sss'j$zԭ2ԭ2VqSj0VqtlGj0@Poa@mINSA~@EXvkIkI &IlIP2mI h v`v4((( q Rjdv% TT z~LPv% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@B$$t;t;@B  33 RpTimes New RomaniXjfyhyXjnnn('jhyVqHSjpVqlGjp< a@mIN{ EXvkIkI 2`ItIxnIHL v vt(((sRjdv% T|z#~ L\Purposes@h@% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@B$$t;t;@B &" WMFC- [ț  RpTimes New Roman2XjfyhyXj nnn('jhy((VqHSjpVqlGjp< X]a@mIC4L EXvkIkI 2`ItIxnIHL v vt(((sRjdv% TpL[L This study is an attempt to examine how word concreteness and spacing each affect EFL v^    !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!_@A% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@B$$t;t;@B   % T, PLlearner s recall of word meaning, and how they interact on EFL learner s recall.V7A% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@B$$t;t;@B   % Tf DL Specifically, it is to investigate the following two questions:7% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@B$$t;t;@B   % TPPVL1. How do word concreteness and spacing each contribute to EFL vocabulary acquisition?V7A% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@B$$t;t;@B   % TLUL2. Is there any interaction between word concreteness and spacing for EFL vocabulary //////////////000000nOY0000% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@B$$t;t;@B   % T Lhacquisition? % " FEMF+*@$t;t;@B*@$t;t;*@$t;t;˖CY`C*@$t;t;*@$t;t;&_CMC*@$t;t;&_CMC@ !# t;t;&_CMC$$t;t;&_CMC  -- RpWingdingsXj"z$zXj2sss'j$z$2$2VqSj0VqtlGj0@ Ta@mIJ?~@EXvkIkI &IlIP2mI h v`v4((( q Rjdv% TT  XLPG=% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CMC$$t;t;&_CMC  -- % T$OX$LTable 4.5 Simple effects comparisonsZ@@@d@@@@@% " FEMF+*@$t;t;&_CMC*@$t;t;*@$t;t;ICףC*@$t;t;*@$t;t;@b1B*@$t;t;@b1B@ !# t;t;@b1B$$t;t;@b1B  33 % TT -1LP % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@b1B$$t;t;@b1B  33 % T-+1  LdIntroduction2h@h% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@b1B$$t;t;@b1B   % T37L`L  Vocabulary acquisition is of great significance for L2 learners. One of the most important KV% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@b1B$$t;t;@b1B   % Tt9= \Lfeatures of vocabulary is concreteness and one of the most effective ways of learning seems % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@b1B$$t;t;@b1B   &" WMFC- ;ț% TX@D WLto be spacing. A few studies have been conducted on vocabulary acquisition in terms of %%%%%z%%&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@b1B$$t;t;@b1B   % TXFJPWLword concreteness and spacing. The concreteness effect has been confirmed mostly in L1           ^    !!!!!!!!!_% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@b1B$$t;t;@b1B   % TDLPTLstudies. However, few studies reached consistent conclusions in the field of second 2222222222222222233333% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@b1B$$t;t;@b1B   % T\RVXLlanguage learning. Although several studies have found the spacing effect in vocabulary $$$$$$$y$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@b1B$$t;t;@b1B   % T8Y]TRLlearning, little has been done with regard to the interactive effect between word ================>>>% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@b1B$$t;t;@b1B   % Th_c ZLconcreteness and (learning) spacing. The thesis examines the effects of word concreteness ]% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@b1B$$t;t;@b1B   % Ttei#\Land spacing (spaced and massed distribution) and their interactive effect on EFL vocabulary V7A% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@b1B$$t;t;@b1B   % TlpX' Ldacquisition.% " FEMF+*@$t;t;@b1B*@$t;t;*@$t;t;@n+C*@$t;t;@n+C@ !# t;t;@n+C$$t;t;@n+C  33 % TT LP% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@n+C$$t;t;@n+C  33 % Tp! LXMethod@h% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@n+C$$t;t;@n+C   % TPHL+L The study employed a 2 (concreteness) Z% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@n+C$$t;t;@n+C   Rp[SO XjzzXjz7P-#SOSOSO('jz~7P~7PVqHSjpVqlGjp<hI Ta@mII lEXvkI rvh HIIa@mI(Hx3 v vt(((pRjdv% TTIL &LLP4% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@n+C$$t;t;@n+C   % TlM@(L0L 2 (spacing) research design. Word concreteness % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@n+C$$t;t;@n+C   % T4 QL&" WMFC- țwas a within-subjects variable and spacing was a between-subjects variable. Word y<<<<<<<<<<<<===== =% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@n+C$$t;t;@n+C   % T aLconcreteness had two levels, i.e., high and low concreteness. Spacing also had two levels, i.e., :% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@n+C$$t;t;@n+C   % T@PSLmassed and spaced learning. EFL vocabulary acquisition was the dependent variable, 33333333qR\33333333333333344% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@n+C$$t;t;@n+C   % TZ5Lmeasured in terms of receptive vocabulary knowledge. % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@n+C$$t;t;@n+C   % T^L 52 second year English majors participated in this experiment. They came from two intact Z[% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@n+C$$t;t;@n+C   % TpT[Lclasses and were randomly assigned to one of the two vocabulary learning tasks (spaced and % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@n+C$$t;t;@n+C   % Td YLmassed learning). 20 target words (10 words with high concreteness and 10 words with low i !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@n+C$$t;t;@n+C   % Tk#ALconcreteness) were chosen for this study. This study utilized Min\% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@n+C$$t;t;@n+C   % TTlo\:#LP 7% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@n+C$$t;t;@n+C   % To<#Ls (2008) 4-item modified % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@n+C$$t;t;@n+C   % T@X'"LVKS (Vocabulary Knowledge Scale). 7K7% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@n+C$$t;t;@n+C   % T+_L  The reading and true or false judgment tasks, and the modified VSK were pilot-tested with Y:% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@n+C$$t;t;@n+C   % T.^L5 non-participants. During the experiment, each group of participants was asked to finish the &" WMFC- ț% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@n+C$$t;t;@n+C   % TD\2TLsentence reading task and true or false judgments within the maximum time limits as 3333344444444444444% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@n+C$$t;t;@n+C   % Tt6\Lstipulated in the instructions. The spaced group finished the 20 sentence reading task with $$$%%%%%%c%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@n+C$$t;t;@n+C   % T| 9]Ltarget words. The next day, they read another set of 20 sentences with the same target words ]     % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@n+C$$t;t;@n+C   % Tp`=[Lagain. The massed group were assigned to the 40 sentence reading task once on the same day Z% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@n+C$$t;t;@n+C   % Tt A\Lwhen the spaced group was tested the second time. On the third day, the two groups took the % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@n+C$$t;t;@n+C   % T!DbLpost-test of the target words. All the test data were collected and they were all valid. Data are r% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@n+C$$t;t;@n+C   % T#`'dH5Lsubmitted to SPSS 16.0 and analyzed by a mixed ANOVA.;7777mK% " F\PEMF+*@$t;t;@n+C*@$t;t;*@$t;t;\C{PC*@$t;t;*@$t;t;\C{PC*@$t;t;*@$t;t;\CxDC*@$t;t;*@$t;t;\CxDC*@$t;t;*@$t;t;\CxDC*@$t;t;*@$t;t;\CxDC*@$t;t;*@$t;t;]C/6B*@$t;t;]C/6B@ !# t;t;]C/6B$$t;t;]C/6B  33 % TT.2XLP% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;]C/6B$$t;t;]C/6B  33 % T.2XLxFigure 4.1 Means plotd@@@@9@@@% " FEMF+*@$t;t;]C/6B*@$t;t;*@$t;t;&CBB*@$t;t;&CBB@ !# t;t;&CBB$$t;t;&CBB   % Tpt2x[LLow = abstractness, high = concreteness, spaced = spaced learning, massed = massed learningV<<<<% " FEMF+*@$t;t;&CBB*@$t;t;*@$t;t;$Cj'C*@$t;t;$Cj'C@ !# t;t;$Cj'C$$t;t;$Cj'C   % Tl&" WMFC- țLX % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$Cj'C$$t;t;$Cj'C   % Tl0LAs is shown in Table 4.2, Box M is 6.66 and the ''''=''(((((( (((% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$Cj'C$$t;t;$Cj'C   % T Lhcorresponding5555555% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$Cj'C$$t;t;$Cj'C   RpTimes New RomanDXjfyhyXjnnn('jhyVqHSjpVqlGjp< -x`a@mImEh -EXvkIkI 2`ItIxxnIHL v vt(((rRjdv% T` LT p 5% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$Cj'C$$t;t;$Cj'C   % T  L= 0.097 > 0.05 showing that the Y5555Y555555556% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$Cj'C$$t;t;$Cj'C   % THD *Lcovariance matrices between variables are >]]>>]>>>>>]???^^??^? ?% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$Cj'C$$t;t;$Cj'C   % T Ldhomogeneous.% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$Cj'C$$t;t;$Cj'C   % TT LP % " FEMF+*@$t;t;$Cj'C*@$t;t;*@$t;t;]C:C*@$t;t;]C:C@ !# t;t;]C:C$$t;t;]C:C  33 % TTXLPe% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;]C:C$$t;t;]C:C  33 Rp Times New RomanXjfyhyXjnnn('jhyVqHSjpVqlGjp< 8ea@mID 8EXvkIkI 2`ItIxnIHL v vt(((rRjdv% TXLAssumptions of a mixed AVONAdd@d@@@d|{% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;]C:C$$t;t;]C:C  33 % TTLP% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;]C:C$$t;t;]C:C  33 % Th/LTable 4.2 Box's test of equality of covariance Z@@@@@s@@@@@@@@% " FEMF+*@$t;t;]C:C*@$t;t;*@$t;t;&CC*@$t;t;&CC@ !# t;t;&CC$$t;t;&CC   % TprvLX W% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&CC$$t;t;&CC   % Tr]vnL(ord concreteness has a significant main effect on EFL vocabulary acquisition. In other words, words with high &&&&&&&&&&&&dEO&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&'''% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&CC$$t;t;&CC   % T4x%|QLconcreteness will be more effectively acquired than those with low concreteness. f#####$$$$$$$$$$$$$$% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&CC$$t;t;&CC   % TT&x(|KLPSC% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&CC$$t;t;&CC   % T(x]|EL!Lpacing has no main effect on EFL p$$$$$$$$$bCA% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&CC$$t;t;&CC   % T([D zL@vocabulary acquisition&" WMFC- Ȼț. It seems that the spaced distribution group performs no better than the massed distribution group.% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&CC$$t;t;&CC   % Tp LX T\% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&CC$$t;t;&CC   % T^  rL0here is a significant interactive effect between word concreteness and spacing on EFL vocabulary acquisition. EFL ]>H]>A% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&CC$$t;t;&CC   % T$^yL@learners, in the spaced group, performed significantly better in learning concrete words than in learning abstract ones, !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"""""""""""""% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&CC$$t;t;&CC   % TH4Lwhile in the massed group, no difference was found. % " FEMF+*@$t;t;&CC*@$t;t;*@$t;t;ͬCC@ @4(C@$@"@!b $$==_8 88% % W$GR JR % % $$AA( FxlEMF+@4(C@$@"@$$==_8 88% % W$G J % % $$AA( FxlEMF+@4(C@$@= "= @$$==_8 88% % W$Gi Ji % % $$AA( " FEMF+@ *@$t;t;*@$t;t;ͬCC@<0 $RoDoDw*G$Rw*G3@ *@$t;t;CC*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;-CC@<0 ƻODƻODw*Gw*G3@ *@$t;t;UCC*@$t;t;UCC@ !# t;t;UCC$$t;t;UCC K@0 !!  Rp >Times New RomanCXjfyhyXjnnn'jhyVqSjػVqlGjػh Z`da@mIA ZEXvkIkI 2`ItIxxnI vvܻ(((p Rjdv% TTLPFDC% " F$EMF+*@$t;t;UCC*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;CC@<0 $oDoDw*G $w*G3@ *@$t;t;CC*@$t;t;CC@ !# t;t;CC$$t;t;CC K@0 !,!,  % TX"$LPdfo% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;CC$$t;t;CC K@0 !,!,  Rp Times New RomanPXjfyhyXj nnn'jhy( ( VqSjػVqlGjػh* aa@mI?" aEXvkIkI 2`ItIxnI vvܻ(((p Rjdv% TT$$7LP1% " F$EMF+*@$t;t;CC*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;"BCC@<0 BDDw*GBw*G3@ *@$t;t;KCC*@$t;t;KCC@ !# t;t;KCC$$t;t;KCC K@0 -9-9  % TX-/LPdfo% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;KCC$$t;t;KCC K@0 -9-9  % TT//7LP2% " F$EMF+*@$t;t;KCC*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;&_CC@<0 BDDw*GBw*G3@ *@$&" WMFC- țțt;t;OCC*@$t;t;OCC@ !# t;t;OCC$$t;t;OCC K@0 9E9E  % TT9:LPp% " F$EMF+*@$t;t;OCC*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;ͬC&?C@<0 $RoDoD&G$R&G3@ *@$t;t;C&?C*@$t;t;C&?C@ !# t;t;C&?C$$t;t;C&?C K@0     % T| L\Abstractoo% " F$EMF+*@$t;t;C&?C*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;-C&?C@<0 ƻODƻOD&G&G3@ *@$t;t;UC&?C*@$t;t;UC&?C@ !# t;t;UC&?C$$t;t;UC&?C K@0 !!  Rp >Times New Roman2XjfyhyXj nnn'jhy  VqSjػVqlGjػh: pia@mI7 4=?2 pEXvkIkI 2`ItIx xnI vvܻ(((r Rjdv% TdLT0.00d% " F$EMF+*@$t;t;UC&?C*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;C&?C@<0 $oDoD&G $&G3@ *@$t;t;C&?C*@$t;t;C&?C@ !# t;t;C&?C$$t;t;C&?C K@0 !,!,  % TT"#LP1% " F$EMF+*@$t;t;C&?C*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;"BC&?C@<0 BDD&GB&G3@ *@$t;t;KC&?C*@$t;t;KC&?C@ !# t;t;KC&?C$$t;t;KC&?C K@0 -9-9  % TX-/LP44% " F$EMF+*@$t;t;KC&?C*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;&_C&?C@<0 BDD&GB&G3@ *@$t;t;OC&?C*@$t;t;OC&?C@ !# t;t;OC&?C$$t;t;OC&?C K@0 9E9E  % Td9=LT1.00d% " F$EMF+*@$t;t;OC&?C*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;ͬC C@<0 $RoDoD#G$R#G3@ *@$t;t;C C*@$t;t;C C@ !# t;t;C C$$t;t;C C K@0     % T| L\Concrete o% " F$EMF+*@$t;t;C C*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;-C C@<0 ƻODƻOD#G#G3@ *@$t;t;UC C*@$t;t;UC C@ !# t;t;UC C$$t;t;UC C K@0 !!  % TdLT1.16d% " F$EMF+*@$t;t;UC C*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;C C@<0 $oDoD#G $#G3@ *@$t;t;C C*@$t;t;C C@ !# t;t;C C$$t;t;C C K@0 !,!,  % TT"#LP1% " F$EMF+*@$t;t;C C*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;"BC C@<0 BDD#GB#G3@ *@$t;t;KC C*@$t;t;KC C@ !# t;t;KC C$$t;t;KC C K@0 -9-9  % TX-/LP44% " F$EMF+*@$t;t;KC C*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;&_C C@<0 BDD#GB#G3@ *@$t;t;OC C*@$t;t;OC C@ !# t;t;OC C$$t;t;OC C K@0 9E9E  % Td9=LT0.29d% " FEMF+*@$t;t;OC C*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;CC*@$t;t;CC@ !# t;t;CC$$t;t;CC  -- % TTXLP% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;CC$$t;t;CC  -- % TaX6LTable 4.3 Levene's test of equality of error variancesZ@@@@@s@@@@@@@@% " FEMF+*@$t;t;CC*@$t;t;*@$t;t;łCe.C*@$t;t;łCe.C@ !# t;t;łCe.C$$t;t;łCe.C   % T` XLT % " F&" WMFC- {țEMF+@ !# t;t;łCe.C$$t;t;łCe.C   % T` PX.L As is shown in Table 4.3, the assumption of m####9###$$$$$$% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;łCe.C$$t;t;łCe.C   % TP^+X L`variance $$% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;łCe.C$$t;t;łCe.C   % T  Ldhomogeneity % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;łCe.C$$t;t;łCe.C   % T8 Lxis met in this study (% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;łCe.C$$t;t;łCe.C   % TX8: LP p% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;łCe.C$$t;t;łCe.C   % TT;;o LP n% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;łCe.C$$t;t;łCe.C   % TT<> LP><% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;łCe.C$$t;t;łCe.C   % Tl>E7! LX 0.05% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;łCe.C$$t;t;łCe.C   % TTFG% LP)% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;łCe.C$$t;t;łCe.C   % TTGGQ& LP.% " FEMF+*@$t;t;łCe.C*@$t;t;*@$t;t;\C7HC*@$t;t;\C7HC@ !# t;t;\C7HC$$t;t;\C7HC  -- % TTXLP% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;\C7HC$$t;t;\C7HC  -- % TTX,LA mixed AVONA for EFL vocabulary acquisition@d|{@@@@dd@@@dd@d% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;\C7HC$$t;t;\C7HC  -- % TTXLP% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;\C7HC$$t;t;\C7HC  -- % TX8LTable 4.4 Tests of within-subjects and between-subjects Z@@@Z@@@@@@@@@@@% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;\C7HC$$t;t;\C7HC  -- % TxXL\effectsj% " FEMF+*@$t;t;\C7HC*@$t;t;*@$t;t;$CЀC*@$t;t;$CЀC@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TLt Table 4.4 showC-----% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TTLPs% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TH *L that word concreteness has a significant ---.......% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % T  Lmain effect on EFL learnersV7A% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TT  lLP C0% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % T  L vocabulary acquisition (% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TT  O0LPFV% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % T  1 L` = 4.64, <% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;&" WMFC- [țt;$CЀC   % TTD LPp'% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % T$'D $L = 0.037 < 0.05), with a relatively K''''K'''(   ( (% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TpT!D LXmedium ((% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % T(D Lh effect size (     % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TTw4D LPI&% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TT5 LPp;% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TXc6 LP2 k% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TX7D LP= <% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % T Lx0.10). The mean score&&&d&&&% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TT LPs% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TT LP % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % T` LTfor&% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % Td LT the&% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TE Lh low and high &&&&&&% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % T) Lpconcreteness are ;&&'% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % T Lrespectively 2.50 and 3.09'''''''''''% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % T  #L, as shown in Table 4.1. Therefore,''''='''e'' % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TT 8LP % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % T|"&HL\concrete''% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % Tp"&HLX words''% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % T"& HL|, compared with abstract'''( (  % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % Tp"&%HLX words((% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TX"&]+HLP, % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % T`"&,HLTarel  % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % T"&q/H Ld easier for   (% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % T(,Lhmemorization. % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   &" WMFC- ;ț% T/3L However, Table 4.4 show!!7!!!!!% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TT/3LPsC% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % T,/3%L that there is no significant effect """""""% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % T059L &Lof spacing on vocabulary acquisition, % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TT59O!L LPFV% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % T59"L L` = 0.002, <% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TT59*L LPp% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % T59,L Ll = 0.96 > 0.05 <<% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % T`;?#LTand% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TT;?;#LP HC% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TT;?#LP% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TT>?h$LPpe% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TT<=l#LP2% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TX;?a#LP =B% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TT;?5#LP % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % T;?# L`0.000. Th\% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % Tp;?d#LXat is,% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TT;?#LP % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % Td;?=#LTthe % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % Tx;?#L\spaced % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % T|;?9 #L\learning% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % T;?'#Lh group perform% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TT;?&5#LPs% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TT;?6#LP % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % T`;?6#LTno u% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TAE' Ldbetter than % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TAE ' Ldthe massed % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TAE&" WMFC- ț' L`learning % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TpAE'LXgroup.% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % THLP+L Similarly, Table 4.4 a#X#B#BC% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TpHLP+LXshows CC% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % THLP+Lthat there is a significant C$C$$$CC$$C% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % THNR.*Linteraction between word concreteness and % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TxNR&.L\spacing% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TXNR-.LP, % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TTNR..LPF[% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TNRK0. L` = 6.12, A% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TTNR7.LPp% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TTNR8.LP t% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TxTX2L\= 0.017N****% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TxTX22L\ < 0.05N***% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TdTX 2LT and **% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TTTX2LP % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TTTXs2LPo(% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TTWX3LPp% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TTUVc2LP2% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TTX+2 L` = 0.12. F+N***% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % TTX 2LTable 4.5 further explains the ;@ * ****  ++ ++% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % THZ^T6*Linteraction between word concreteness and % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;$CЀC$$t;t;$CЀC   % T|Z^:&T6L\spacing.% " FEMF+*@$t;t;$CЀC*@$t;t;*@$t;t;&_CЀC*@$t;t;&_CЀC@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % T ];L As is shown in Table 4.5, zero is not included in the ;m.% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % T  2 Llower and upper bound in r&" WMFC- ț% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % Td3 : aLT95% % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % TT; < LPc% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % T< K  L`onfidence % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % TTL M Q&LPin% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % TxM W &L\nterval;% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % TlX ^ !-LX for % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % T ^D 7Lthe spaced learning group, which shows that there is a % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % T A Lsignificant difference between AA##BB##B##B###B% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % T`BG LTtheB#% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % TG^=# Lh abstract and #B###B% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % T 7 Lconcrete words. The value of Y% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % TT89 JLPt=% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % TX9; LP (% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % TT;< 5LPt.% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % T`<@ LT = ?% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % Tp@I 1LX-2.675% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % TXJK $LP, % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % TTLM &LPp% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % TdNT "'LT = 0?% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % TdSY *LT.014% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % T`Z^ z.LT < C<% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % T "^&H5L0.05) further shows a significant difference between %%%%%%%%%&&&&% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % Tl (^,0Lthe abstract and concrete words. For the massed ;;;;;;;;Z<<% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % T /]38Llearning group, zero is included in the lower and upper &" WMFC- ț% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % T 59L L`bound in $$$$$$% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % Td5"9L LT95% $$% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % TT"5#9n L LPc% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % T#539sL L`onfidence $$$$% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % TT4559L LPi% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % Tx55?9L L\nterval$$% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % T@5^9(L Lt, which shows that $$$%%% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % T ;^?#8Lthere is no significant difference between abstract and % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % T A8E'Lconcrete words. The value of \% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % TT8A9E'LPt;% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % TX9A;EJ'LP (% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % TT<A=E'LPt;% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % Td=ACEA'LT = 0C% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % TdCAIE 'LT.318% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % TXIAJE$'LP, % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % TTKALE%'LPp% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % TdMASE&'LT = 0C% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % TdSAYE*'LT.753% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % T`ZA^Ev.'LT > <% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % T H^LP+6L0.05) further shows no significant difference between   % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % T N^R.4Lthe abstract and concrete words. Regardless of word %%%%%%%%%%&&% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % T\ T^X2-Lconcreteness, simple comparisons indicate no *II***I*   I++JJ+ JJ JJ+++J% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % T Z^^T65Lsignificant difference between the spaced and massed % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC &" WMFC- Ȼț  % T ae: L`learning (% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % TTaer:LPp% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;&_CЀC$$t;t;&_CЀC   % Ta'e : L` > 0.05).<% " Fh\EMF+*@$t;t;&_CЀC*@$t;t;*@$t;t;D#Cj[C%@!@ "@ @`TDl:I EMFDLVi(F, EMF+@``F(EMF+*@$==0@?@<0 \ >$C[C$$y#>\ >$C[Cs Rp "SystemX~Cv\X /v0 Q!!"Vh (1p.M \p.M\pn kn \4EXvj_4v14v@@jn hn X (3j<(OjL8EXv(j_ /vdv% F(GDIC!# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   RpTimes New RomanXmkkXm*] nnn'mk*] *] xi(SmPxilGmPN 7 'K8NEXwII 2 ItI*] I(, wwT#2Rmdv% TpLXSourcexxxZiiRp"SystemX~,cvQ!!0 ggT<gPvQ!!d@CT wwT#2RmC /vW/v$ Y % 8 sQ!!d<g@C sW s%Q!! d4vQ!!! <ddv% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % TXLPSSxx% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % TXLPdfx<% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % TXLPMSx% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % TT&" WMFC- țLPF% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % TT LPpx% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % TT~$LPx% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   RpjTimes New RomanXmkkXmj)] nnn'mk)] )] xi(SmPxilGmPN`8 K7NEXwII 2 ItIX)] I(, wwTBRmdv% TT$LPpK% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % TTA%LP2K% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % TTLPC% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % T LdoncretenessxxiZi<ixiZZ% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   RpTimes New RomanXmkkXmj,] nnn'mk,] ,] xi(SmPxilGmPNH7 iFK3 NEXwII 2 ItIX,] I(, wwTfRmdv% TlLX7.924x<xxx% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % TTLP1x% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % TlLX7.924x<xxx% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % TdLT4.64x<xx% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % TT LP0x% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % Tdr!LT.037<xxx% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % TT~$LP0x% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % T`$LT.10<xx% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % TT LPC% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % T LdoncretenessxxiZi<ixiZZ% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % TTK LP% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % Tx L\Spacingxxxi<xx% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % Tp LX10.446xx<xxx% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@&" WMFC- ț0   % TT LP1x% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % Tp LX10.446xx<xxx% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % Td LT6.12x<xx% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % TT LP0x% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % Tdr! LT.017<xxx% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % TT~$ LP0x% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % T`$ LT.12<xx% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % T|l L\Error(C)ZZxZKK% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % Tpl LX75.130xx<xxx% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % TXl LP44xx% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % Tll LX1.708x<xxx% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % TxLL\Spacingxxxi<xx% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % TdLLT.011<xxx% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % TTLLP1x% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % TdLLT.011<xxx% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % TTLLP0x% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % TdvLLT.002<xxx% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % Td LLT.961<xxx% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % TT~$LLP0x% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % Td$LLT.000<xxx% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % TlLXErrorZZxZ% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % TxL\197.565xxx<xxx% " !&" WMFC- Ȼț# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % TXLP44xx% " !# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC# _.< {+<CKC$$_.< {+<CKC K@0   % TlLX4.490x<xxx% " !b $$==_888% % W$#% % $$AA( $$==_888% % W$#% % $$AA( $$==_888% % W$#% % $$AA( $$==_888% % W$ # % % $$AA( FGDIC" ( ( ( " % ( ( " FEMF+,@$Ak]A Bz*@$t;t;D#Cj[C&@*@$t;t;*@$t;t;@cC*@$t;t;@cC@ !# t;t;@cC$$t;t;@cC  33 % TT/ 3LP% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@cC$$t;t;@cC  33 % Tx /3L\Results@% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@cC$$t;t;@cC  33 % TT5 9LP% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@cC$$t;t;@cC  33 % T  5A9 LTable 4.1 Descriptive statisticsZ@@@@@% " FEMF+*@$t;t;@cC*@$t;t;*@$t;t;!AgfC@ @4(C@$@(@!b $$==_888% % W$?RC  % % $$AA( FxlEMF+@4(C@$@O(O@$$==_888% % W$ERHhh% % $$AA( FxlEMF+@4(C@$@(@$$==_888% % W$[R_% % $$AA( " FEMF+@ *@$t;t;*@$t;t;!AgfC@<0 P;'E;'EFPF3@ *@$t;t;b-AgfC*@$t;t;b-AgfC@ !# t;t;b-AgfC$$t;t;b-AgfC K@0     Rp>CalibriCXj{{Xji230iii'j{i2i2VqSjػVq.lGjػhj@0la@mI;8j@EXvkIkI "IlIPn2mI vvܻ(((p Rjdv% TT @ C7LP Z% " FEMF+*@$t;t;b-AgfC*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;AgfC@<0 ;E;EFF3@ *@$t;t;DDAgfC*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;> BgfC@<0 ;'E;'EFF3@ *@$t;t;BgfC*@$t;t;BgfC@ !# t;t;BgfC$$t;t;BgfC K@0 &4&4  % TT'C)FLPMM% " F$EMF+*@$t;t;BgfC*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;tOBgfC@<0 @;E;EF@F3@ *@$t;t;RBgfC*@$t;t;RBgfC@ !# t;t;RBgfC$$t;t;RBgfC K@0 4B4B  % TX5C8FLPSD!% " F$EMF+*@$t;t;RBgfC*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;UՃBgfC@<0 GA;E;EFGAF3@ *@$t;t;EBgfC*@$t;t;EBgfC@ !# t;t;EBgfC$$t;t;EBgfC K@0 BPBP  % TTCCDFLPN % " F$EMF+*@$t;t;EBgfC*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;!A-9C@<0 PG?'EG?'EFPF3@ *@$t;t;b-A-9C*@$t;t;b-A-9C@ !# t;t;b-A-9C$$t;t;b-A-9C K@0     % T| HKL\Abstractoo% " F$EMF+*@$t;t;b-A-9C*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;A-9C@<0 G?EG?EFF3@ *@$t;t;DDA-9C*@&" WMFC- țț$t;t;DDA-9C@ !# t;t;DDA-9C$$t;t;DDA-9C K@0 &&  % TpH!KLXSpaced% " F$EMF+*@$t;t;DDA-9C*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;> B-9C@<0 G?'EG?'EFF3@ *@$t;t;B-9C*@$t;t;B-9C@ !# t;t;B-9C$$t;t;B-9C K@0 &4&4  % Td'H+KLT2.17d% " F$EMF+*@$t;t;B-9C*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;tOB-9C@<0 @G?EG?EF@F3@ *@$t;t;RB-9C*@$t;t;RB-9C@ !# t;t;RB-9C$$t;t;RB-9C K@0 4B4B  % Td5H9KLT1.47d% " F$EMF+*@$t;t;RB-9C*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;UՃB-9C@<0 GAG?EG?EFGAF3@ *@$t;t;EB-9C*@$t;t;EB-9C@ !# t;t;EB-9C$$t;t;EB-9C K@0 BPBP  % TXCHEKLP23% " F$EMF+*@$t;t;EB-9C*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;A C@<0 BEBE|F|F3@ *@$t;t;DDA C*@$t;t;DDA C@ !# t;t;DDA C$$t;t;DDA C K@0 &&  % TpN!QLXMassedM% " F$EMF+*@$t;t;DDA C*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;> B C@<0 B'EB'E|F|F3@ *@$t;t;B C*@$t;t;B C@ !# t;t;B C$$t;t;B C K@0 &4&4  % Td'N+QLT2.83d% " F$EMF+*@$t;t;B C*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;tOB C@<0 @BEBE|F@|F3@ *@$t;t;RB C*@$t;t;RB C@ !# t;t;RB C$$t;t;RB C K@0 4B4B  % Td5N9QLT1.59d% " F$EMF+*@$t;t;RB C*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;UՃB C@<0 GABEBE|FGA|F3@ *@$t;t;EB C*@$t;t;EB C@ !# t;t;EB C$$t;t;EB C K@0 BPBP  % TXCNEQLP23% " F$EMF+*@$t;t;EB C*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;!AިC@<0 PE'EE'EoFPoF3@ *@$t;t;b-AިC*@$t;t;b-AިC@ !# t;t;b-AިC$$t;t;b-AިC K@0     % T| TWL\Concrete o% " F$EMF+*@$t;t;b-AިC*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;AިC@<0 EEEEoFoF3@ *@$t;t;DDAިC*@$t;t;DDAިC@ !# t;t;DDAިC$$t;t;DDAިC K@0 &&  % TT%WLpSpaced dddddddddddd% " F$EMF+*@$t;t;DDAިC*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;> BިC@<0 E'EE'EoFoF3@ *@$t;t;BިC*@$t;t;BިC@ !# t;t;BިC$$t;t;BިC K@0 &4&4  % Td'T+WLT3.43d% " F$EMF+*@$t;t;BިC*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;tOBިC@<0 @EEEEoF@oF3@ *@$t;t;RBިC*@$t;t;RBިC@ !# t;t;RBިC$$t;t;RBިC K@0 4B4B  % Td5T9WLT2.17d% " F$EMF+*@$t;t;RBިC*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;UՃBިC@<0 GAEEEEoFGAoF3@ *@$t;t;EBިC*@$t;t;EBިC@ !# t;t;EBިC$$t;t;EBިC K@0 BPBP  % TXCTEWLP23% " F$EMF+*@$t;t;EBިC*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;A~C@<0 3IE3IEobFobF3@ *@$t;t;DDA~C*@$t;t;DDA~C@ !# t;t;DDA~C$$t;t;DDA~C K@0 &&  % Tp&" WMFC- {țY!\LXMassedM% " F$EMF+*@$t;t;DDA~C*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;> B~C@<0 3I'E3I'EobFobF3@ *@$t;t;B~C*@$t;t;B~C@ !# t;t;B~C$$t;t;B~C K@0 &4&4  % Td'Y+\LT2.74d% " F$EMF+*@$t;t;B~C*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;tOB~C@<0 @3IE3IEobF@obF3@ *@$t;t;RB~C*@$t;t;RB~C@ !# t;t;RB~C$$t;t;RB~C K@0 4B4B  % Td5Y9\LT1.74d% " F$EMF+*@$t;t;RB~C*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;UՃB~C@<0 GA3IE3IEobFGAobF3@ *@$t;t;EB~C*@$t;t;EB~C@ !# t;t;EB~C$$t;t;EB~C K@0 BPBP  % TXCYE\LP23% " FEMF+*@$t;t;EB~C*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;t@C*@$t;t;t@C@ !# t;t;t@C$$t;t;t@C   % TrvcL In general, several features can be drawn from Table 4.1. The concrete words appear to elicit :F.V% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;t@C$$t;t;t@C   % Tx|`L better learning than the abstract words do. Moreover, the spaced learning group outperforms the % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;t@C$$t;t;t@C   % TD _L massed learning group in the acquisition of concrete words. Finally, the massed learning group D:% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;t@C$$t;t;t@C   % TX WLperforms better than the spaced group in the acquisition of abstract words, though the E4444444444444444444455555555% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;t@C$$t;t;t@C   % T#Ltdifference is small.% " FEMF+*@$t;t;t@C*@$t;t;*@$t;t;L>xCbhB*@$t;t;L>xCbhB@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % T|;?L\ As m% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % TT;?3LPi% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % T;.?L|s shown in Figure 4.1, LLLLkLL-LL% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % Td.;4?LTthe L-% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % Tx5;B?#L\spaced L---L% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % T|C;Q?+L\learning--LLL% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % TxR;^?o4L\ group MMM% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % TA E &" WMFC- [țL`outperform6666% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % TT A E LPs% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % T A!E  Ld the massed 66% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % T|!A.E&L\learning666% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % Tp/A9EB LX group6666% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % Td:A?E&LT in 6% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % T`@AEE)LTthe6% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % TEA^E,Ll acquisition of 77777% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % THLD Llconcrete words,1222% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % TxHL^D L\ while E2% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % TH1L D Lhit is true of 22% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % T2HTL!D Ltthe other way round 22222222% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % T`THXL5D LTin 2% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % T`XH]L=8D LTtheD2% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % TT]H]L;D LP % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % TN R Ldacquisition##BBBB% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % Td NRj LT of B% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % T NKR Labstract words. Furthermore, in #C$$CCbCC$C$C% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % TdKNQRm0 LTthe C$% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % TxRN^RR4 L\spaced C$$$% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % T T,X#Ldistribution group, concrete words F% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % TT-T.XLPa% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % T.T]X!Lre better acquired than abstract % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % TxZ^HL\words, £''% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % TtZQ^H1Lwhile a small or no difference was found for the =''''''''''(( % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % TxRZ^^\4HL\&" WMFC- ;țmassed   % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % T|aeL\learning++JJJ% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % Tae Ld. All these J+ +% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % Txa(eqL\suggest JJJ+ % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % TT)a*e`LP % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % T`*a/eLTan +J% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % T/aCeQ  Ldinteraction J++,KK% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % TxDaRe,L\between=K,,,K% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % TpSa]eH5LX word K% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % Tg#kLconcreteness and spacing on % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % Td$g+khLTEFL V7A% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;L>xCbhB$$t;t;L>xCbhB   % T+gMkL|vocabulary acquisition.% " FEMF+*@$t;t;L>xCbhB*@$t;t;*@$t;t;BC*@$t;t;BC@ !# t;t;BC$$t;t;BC   % TPT26+L As is shown in Table 4.1, in terms of m4444J44445% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;BC$$t;t;BC   % T8T9='Labstract words, the mean score for the E=>>>>>>>% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;BC$$t;t;BC   % TT?nCD Lpspaced learning (""###% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;BC$$t;t;BC   % TTn?qCD LPM% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;BC$$t;t;BC   % Tr?CD L = 2.17) is smaller than EG####% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;BC$$t;t;BC   % TTEI Lthat for the massed learning (5556666% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;BC$$t;t;BC   % TTEI LPM6% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;BC$$t;t;BC   % TEI L` = 2.83) Z666% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;BC$$t;t;BC   % TTKO"Lwith the mean difference of 0.66. eeFFFeeFFeFFeeff% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;BC$$t;t;BC   % T8TRVH'LNevertheless, with respect to concrete ===>>>>>% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;BC$$t;t;BC   % T,TX\%Lwords, the mean score for the spaced =FFF'''F'F'FF' G(((% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;BC$$t;t;&" WMFC- țBC   % TT^cb L`learning (  (((% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;BC$$t;t;BC   % TTc^fb LPM% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;BC$$t;t;BC   % Tf^b !L = 3.43) is larger than that for L((( ) ) )) )% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;BC$$t;t;BC   % TTewiL Lxthe massed learning (=01111% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;BC$$t;t;BC   % TTweziL LPM% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;BC$$t;t;BC   % TzeiL Lp = 2.74) with the U11111% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;BC$$t;t;BC   % TTkyo#Lmean difference of 0.69. =% " FEMF+*@$t;t;BC*@$t;t;*@$t;t;@> C*@$t;t;@> C@ !# t;t;@> C$$t;t;@> C  -- % TT LP% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@> C$$t;t;@> C  -- % TT LP ۠% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;@> C$$t;t;@> C  -- % T'p LdImplicationsX@hh% " FEMF+*@$t;t;@> C*@$t;t;*@$t;t;t@hC*@$t;t;t@hC@ !# t;t;t@hC$$t;t;t@hC   % TLUL This study has both theoretical and pedagogical implications. Theoretically, it ŒYY% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;t@hC$$t;t;t@hC   % Tt%H\Lcontributes much to our understanding of how concreteness and spacing affect EFL vocabulary Y:D% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;t@hC$$t;t;t@hC   % T# L`knowledgeE% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;t@hC$$t;t;t@hC   % T$OϦL. This study lends support to Z% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;t@hC$$t;t;t@hC   % TP] L`the dual-F+% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;t@hC$$t;t;t@hC   % T Lhcoding theory% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;t@hC$$t;t;t@hC   % Td"Y LT and% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;t@hC$$t;t;t@hC   % T#Q"L the context-availability model% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;t@hC$$t;t;t@hC   % TRc+ Lh, but not to % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;t@hC$$t;t;t@hC   % T`cg5LTthe% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;t@hC$$t;t;t@hC   % Th8L spacing learning theory. % " FEMF+@ !# t;&" WMFC- țt;t@hC$$t;t;t@hC   % TcOLlPedagogically, =% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;t@hC$$t;t;t@hC   % Td]LTEFL \=G% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;t@hC$$t;t;t@hC   % Ta L`teachers =% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;t@hC$$t;t;t@hC   % TwiLlare recommended % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;t@hC$$t;t;t@hC   % T`zLTto % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;t@hC$$t;t;t@hC   % TpS|LXdesign% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;t@hC$$t;t;t@hC   % T. Ld vocabulary% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;t@hC$$t;t;t@hC   % TTLP E% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;t@hC$$t;t;t@hC   % T|GL\exercise% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;t@hC$$t;t;t@hC   % TTLPs% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;t@hC$$t;t;t@hC   % TLh more properly% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;t@hC$$t;t;t@hC   % T:עLt, taking account of % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;t@hC$$t;t;t@hC   % T`;?%LTthe% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;t@hC$$t;t;t@hC   % T?]Lx learning difference % " FEMF+@ !# t;t;t@hC$$t;t;t@hC   % T\ND -Lbetween words with low and high concreteness.% " FEMF+*@$t;t;t@hC*@$t;t;*@$t;t; :1AC*@$t;t; :1AC@ !# t;t; :1AC$$t;t; :1AC   % TT ei LPM% " FEMF+@ !# t;t; :1AC$$t;t; :1AC   % Tei  L` = mean, <% " FEMF+@ !# t;t; :1AC$$t;t; :1AC   % TXe i LPSD% " FEMF+@ !# t;t; :1AC$$t;t; :1AC   % T!eBi L| = standard deviation, <% " FEMF+@ !# t;t; :1AC$$t;t; :1AC   % TX jnLPN v% " FEMF+@ !# t;t; :1AC$$t;t; :1AC   % TXjnLP= <% " FEMF+@ !# t;t; :1AC$$t;t; :1AC   % TTjnLPs=% " FEMF+@ !# t;t; :1AC$$t;t; :1AC   % Tj#n L`ample size% " FEMF+*@$t;t; :1AC*@$t;t;*@$t;t;ECj[C%@!@ "@ @l= EMFv# )4]F, EMF+@F\PEMF+"@ @ $@ 0@?!@ @    % % !-Rp@"CalibrihRQVP$QV Id>T Bkd>T_%7.@Calibr1pV{}BkBk86T(PPx4T(xBkdv% &" WMFC- ț% %  % % %  TTg($KA)KAg!L-P " !-% % %  Rp@Times New Roman DRQVD< ($QVD< Id>T<D Ckd>T _G*Ax Times ew RomanIp86T(x4T(Ckdv% % %  T]T)$KA)KA]"L-pPaired Differences     % % % TTUm)$KA)KAU"L-P " !z-% % %  % % %  TT0H($KA)KA0!Lz-P " !z-% % %  % % %  TT($KA)KA!Lz-P " !-% % %  % % %  TTXp($KA)KAX!L-P ?" '% Ld!??% &% 6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66% (   % Ld!??% &% 6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66% (   % Ldz!??% &% 6{% (   % Ld{{{!??% &% {6|{6{% (   % Ld||!??% &% |6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66% (   % Ld!??% &% 6% (  !.o% % %  % % %  TTg2U$KA)KAgNL.oP " !.Ko% % %  % % %  TT 2#U$KA)KA NL.KoP " !K.o% % %  % % %  TT2U$KA)KANLK.oP " !.o% % %  % % %  Tp"2V$KA)KA"OL.oX95% CI % % % TT3V$KA)KAOL.oP " !.zo% % %  Rp@Times New Roman DRQVD< ($QVD< Id>T<D LLkd>T _G*Ax Times ew RomanJp86T(x4T(LLkdv% % %  TT+<4a$KA)KA+ZL.zoPt % % % TT4>La$KA)KA4ZL.zoP " !z.o% % %  % % %  TX<a$KA)KAZLz.oPdf % % % TT>a$KA)KAZLz.oP " !.o% % %  % % %  TTL<_a$KA)KAOZL.oPp% % % TT`>xa$KA)KA`ZL.oP " % Ld---!??% &% -6-% (   % Ld---!??% &% -6--6.% (   % Ld-J--~!??% &% -6K-% (   % LdK-K-K-!??% &% K-6L-K-6K.% (   % LdL--L-z!??% &% L-6-% (   % Ld---!??% &% -6--6.% (   % Ld-&" WMFC- Ȼț-- !??% &% -6-% (   % Ld---!??% &% -6--6.% (   % Ld-z--!??% &% -6{-% (   % Ld{-{-{-!??% &% {-6|-{-6{.% (   % Ld|--|-!??% &% |-6-% (   % Ld---!??% &% -6--6.% (   % Ld---!??% &% -6-% (  !p% % %  % % %  TTgt$KA)KAgLpP " !pK% % %  % % %  TTs$KA)KALpKPM% % % TTu1$KA)KALpKP " !Kp% % %  % % %  TTts$KA)KAtLKpPS% % % TTs$KA)KALKpPD% % % TTu$KA)KALKpP " !pR% % %  % % %  Tlt6$KA)KALpRXLower % % % TT7uO$KA)KA7LpRP " !Rp% % %  % % %  Tlrt$KA)KArLRpXUpperKA % % % TTu$KA)KALRpP " !pz% % %  % % %  TT0tH$KA)KA0LpzP " !zp% % %  % % %  TTt$KA)KALzpP " !p% % %  % % %  TTXtp$KA)KAXLpP " % Ldooo!??% &% o6o% (   % Ldooo!??% &% o6oo6p% (   % LdoJoo~!??% &% o6Ko% (   % LdKoKoKo!??% &% Ko6LoKo6Kp% (   % LdLooLoz!??% &% Lo6o% (   % Ldooo!??% &% o6oo6p% (   % LdoRoo!??% &% o6So% (   % LdSoSoSo!??% &% So6ToSo6Sp% (   % LdTooTo!??% &% To6o% (   % Ldooo!??% &% o6oo6p% (   % Ldozoo!??% &% o6{o% (   % Ld{o{o{o!??% &% {o6|o{o6{p% (   % Ld|oo|o!??% &% |o6o% (   % Ldooo!??% &% o6oo6p% (   % Ldooo!??% &% &" WMFC- țțo6o% (  ! % % %  Tp@$KA)KA@LXPair 1 % % % TT$KA)KALP  % % % TT#+$KA)KA#LPl % % % TT,<$KA)KA,LPo% % % TX=\$KA)KA=LPw  % % % TT]g$KA)KA]LP- % % % TTho$KA)KAhLP % % % Tdp$KA)KApLThigh % % % TT$KA)KALP % % %  % % % T|/$KA)KA/L\(spaced)  % % % TT$KA)KALP " !K% % %  % % %  TT$KA)KALKP- % % % Tl5$KA)KALKX1.261% % % TT6J$KA)KA6LKP " !K% % %  % % %  Tlc$KA)KAcLKX2.261% % % TT$KA)KALKP " !R% % %  % % %  TT$KA)KALRP- % % % Tl6$KA)KALRX2.238% % % TT7O$KA)KA7LRP " !R% % %  % % %  TTqz$KA)KAqLRP- % % % TT{$KA)KA{LRP0% % % Td$KA)KALRT.283% % % TT$KA)KALRP " !z% % %  % % %  TT$KA)KALzP- % % % TlZ$KA)KALzX2.675% % % TT[s$KA)KA[LzP " !z% % %  % % %  TX$KA)KALzP22% % % TT$KA)KALzP " !% % %  % % %  TT2B$KA)KA2LP0% % % TdC|$KA)KACLT.014% % % TT}$KA)KA}LP " % Ld!??% &% 6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66% (   % LdJ~!??% &% 6K% (   % LdKKK!??% &% K6LK6K% (   % LdLLz!??% &% L6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66% (   % LdR!??% &% 6S% (   % LdSSS!??% &% S6TS6S% (   % LdTT!??% &% T6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66% (   % Ldz!??% &% 6{% (   % Ld{{{!??% &% {6|{6{% (   % Ld||!??&" WMFC- {ț% &% |6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66% (   % Ld!??% &% 6% (  !! % % %  Tl@%|I$KA)KA@BL!XPair  % % % TT}%I$KA)KA}BL!P2% % % TT%I$KA)KABL!P  % % % Td#P\t$KA)KA#mL!Tlow  % % % TT]Pgt$KA)KA]mL!P- % % % TThPot$KA)KAhmL!P % % % TdpPt$KA)KApmL!Thigh % % % TTPt$KA)KAmL!P % % %  % % % T|+{$KA)KA+L!\(massed)   % % % TT|$KA)KAL!P " !!K% % %  % % %  TTOs$KA)KAlL!KP0% % % TdO0s$KA)KAlL!KT.087% % % TT1PIs$KA)KA1lL!KP " !K!% % %  % % %  TlcOs$KA)KAclLK!X1.311% % % TTPs$KA)KAlLK!P " !!R% % %  % % %  TTOs$KA)KAlL!RP- % % % TTOs$KA)KAlL!RP.% % % TTOs$KA)KAlL!RP0% % % T`O6s$KA)KAlL!RT480% % % TT7POs$KA)KA7lL!RP " !R!% % %  % % %  TTvOs$KA)KAvlLR!P0% % % TdOs$KA)KAlLR!T.654% % % TTPs$KA)KAlLR!P " !!z% % %  % % %  TT Os$KA)KA lL!zP0% % % TdOTs$KA)KAlL!zT.318% % % TTUPms$KA)KAUlL!zP " !z!% % %  % % %  TXOs$KA)KAlLz!P22% % % TTPs$KA)KAlLz!P " !!% % %  % % %  TT2OBs$KA)KA2lL!P0% % % TdCO|s$KA)KAClL!T.753% % % TT}Ps$KA)KA}lL!P " % Ld!??% &% 6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66 % (   % LdJ~!??% &% 6K% (   % LdKKK!??% &% K6LK6K % (   % LdLLz!??% &% L6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66 % (   % LdR!??% &% 6S% (   % LdSSS!??% &% S6TS6S % (   % LdTT!??% &% T6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66 % (   % Ldz&" WMFC- [ț!??% &% 6{% (   % Ld{{{!??% &% {6|{6{ % (   % Ld||!??% &% |6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66 % (   % Ld!??% &% 6% (   % Ld!??% &% 6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66% (   % LdJ!??% &% 6K% (   % LdIII!??% &% I6JI6I% (   % LdJJ|!??% &% J6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66% (   % LdR!??% &% 6S% (   % LdQQQ!??% &% Q6RQ6Q% (   % LdRR!??% &% R6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66% (   % Ldz!??% &% 6{% (   % Ldyyy!??% &% y6zy6y% (   % Ldzz!??% &% z6% (   % Ld   !??% &%  6 6 % (   % Ld!??% &% 6% (  % % %  % % %  TT*$KA)KALP % % ( F4(EMF+*@$??FEMF+@ @$@@4 DCiB5ziLF5ziBE!b !!s % % %        : # T!=Z=C[C$$T!=Z=C[Cs  Rp "SystemX~8 a0v0 Q!!Q!!"xµGT Bkd>T_%7.@Calibr1pV{}BkBk86T(PPx4T(xBkdv% % %  % % %  TT$KA)KAg!L-P " !-% % %  Rp@Times New Roman DRQVD< ($QVD< Id>T<D Ckd>T _G*Ax Times ew RomanIp86T(x4T(Ckdv% % %  T"3$KA)KA]"L-pPaired Differences     % % % &" WMFC- ;țTT34$KA)KAU"L-P " !z-% % %  % % %  TTBC$KA)KA0!Lz-P " !z-% % %  % % %  TTLM$KA)KA!Lz-P " !-% % %  % % %  TTWX$KA)KAX!L-P ;" '% Ld!??% &% 6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66% (   % Ld!??% &% 6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66% (   % Ld!??% &% 6{% (   % Ld{!??% &% {6|{6{% (   % Ld|!??% &% |6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66% (   % Ld!??% &% 6% (  !.o% % %  % % %  TT$KA)KAgNL.oP " !.Ko% % %  % % %  TT$KA)KA NL.KoP " !K.o% % %  % % %  TT%&$KA)KANLK.oP " !.o% % %  % % %  Tp07$KA)KA"OL.oX95% CI % % % TT78$KA)KAOL.oP " !.zo% % %  Rp@Times New Roman DRQVD< ($QVD< Id>T<D LLkd>T _G*Ax Times ew RomanJp86T(x4T(LLkdv% % %  TTBB$KA)KA+ZL.zoPta % % % TTCD$KA)KA4ZL.zoP E" !z.o% % %  % % %  TXLN$KA)KAZLz.oPdf % % % TTMN$KA)KAZLz.oP " !.o% % %  % % %  TTVW$KA)KAOZL.oPp% % % TTWX$KA)KA`ZL.oP " % Ld-!??% &% -6-% (   % Ld-!??% &% -6--6.% (   % Ld-~!??% &% -6K-% (   % LdK-!??% &% K-6L-K-6K.% (   % LdL-z!??% &% L-6-% (   % Ld-!??% &% -6--6.% (   % Ld- !??% &% -6-% (   % Ld-!??% &% -6--6.% (   % Ld-!??% &% -6{-% (   % Ld{-!??% &&" WMFC- ț% {-6|-{-6{.% (   % Ld|-!??% &% |-6-% (   % Ld-!??% &% -6--6.% (   % Ld-!??% &% -6-% (  !p% % %  % % %  TT$KA)KAgLpP " !pK% % %  % % %  TT$KA)KALpKPM% % % TT$KA)KALpKP " !Kp% % %  % % %  TT$%$KA)KAtLKpPS% % % TT%&$KA)KALKpPD% % % TT&'$KA)KALKpP " !pR% % %  % % %  Tl+1$KA)KALpRXLower % % % TT12$KA)KA7LpRP " !Rp% % %  % % %  Tl5:$KA)KArLRpXUpper; % % % TT;<$KA)KALRpP " !pz% % %  % % %  TTBC$KA)KA0LpzP " !zp% % %  % % %  TTLM$KA)KALzpP " !p% % %  % % %  TTWX$KA)KAXLpP " % Ldo!??% &% o6o% (   % Ldo!??% &% o6oo6p% (   % Ldo~!??% &% o6Ko% (   % LdKo!??% &% Ko6LoKo6Kp% (   % LdLoz!??% &% Lo6o% (   % Ldo!??% &% o6oo6p% (   % Ldo!??% &% o6So% (   % LdSo!??% &% So6ToSo6Sp% (   % LdTo!??% &% To6o% (   % Ldo!??% &% o6oo6p% (   % Ldo!??% &% o6{o% (   % Ld{o!??% &% {o6|o{o6{p% (   % Ld|o!??% &% |o6o% (   % Ldo!??% &% o6oo6p% (   % Ldo!??% &% o6o% (  ! % % %  Tp$KA)KA@LXPair 1 % % % TT$KA)KALP r % % % TT  $KA)KA#LPl % % % TT $KA)KA,LPo% % % TX$KA)KA=LPw  % % % TT$KA)KA]LP- % &" WMFC- ț% % TT$KA)KAhLP % % % Td$KA)KApLThigh % % % TT$KA)KALP % % %  % % % T| $KA)KA/L\(spaced)  % % % TT$KA)KALP ;" !K% % %  % % %  TT$KA)KALKP- % % % Tl$KA)KALKX1.261% % % TT $KA)KA6LKP " !K% % %  % % %  Tl"'$KA)KAcLKX2.261% % % TT(($KA)KALKP " !R% % %  % % %  TT++$KA)KALRP- % % % Tl,1$KA)KALRX2.238% % % TT12$KA)KA7LRP e" !R% % %  % % %  TT55$KA)KAqLRP- % % % TT67$KA)KA{LRP0% % % Td7;$KA)KALRT.283% % % TT;<$KA)KALRP a" !z% % %  % % %  TT??$KA)KALzP-; % % % Tl@E$KA)KALzX2.675% % % TTEF$KA)KA[LzP ;" !z% % %  % % %  TXKM$KA)KALzP22% % % TTNO$KA)KALzP " !% % %  % % %  TTTU$KA)KA2LP0% % % TdUX$KA)KACLT.014% % % TTYZ$KA)KA}LP " % Ld!??% &% 6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66% (   % Ld~!??% &% 6K% (   % LdK!??% &% K6LK6K% (   % LdLz!??% &% L6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66% (   % Ld!??% &% 6S% (   % LdS!??% &% S6TS6S% (   % LdT!??% &% T6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66% (   % Ld!??% &% 6{% (   % Ld{!??% &% {6|{6{% (   % Ld|!??% &% |6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66% (   % Ld!??% &% 6% (  !! % % %  Tl$KA)KA@BL!XPair C % % &" WMFC- ț% TT$KA)KA}BL!P2r% % % TT$KA)KABL!P  % % % Td $KA)KA#mL!Tlow  % % % TT$KA)KA]mL!P- % % % TT$KA)KAhmL!P % % % Td$KA)KApmL!Thigh % % % TT$KA)KAmL!P % % %  % % % T| $KA)KA+L!\(massed)   % % % TT$KA)KAL!P " !!K% % %  % % %  TT$KA)KAlL!KP0% % % Td$KA)KAlL!KT.087% % % TT $KA)KA1lL!KP " !K!% % %  % % %  Tl"'$KA)KAclLK!X1.311F+% % % TT(($KA)KAlLK!P " !!R% % %  % % %  TT++$KA)KAlL!RP- % % % TT,,$KA)KAlL!RP.% % % TT,-$KA)KAlL!RP0C% % % T`.1$KA)KAlL!RT480% % % TT12$KA)KA7lL!RP ;" !R!% % %  % % %  TT56$KA)KAvlLR!P0% % % Td7:$KA)KAlLR!T.654% % % TT;<$KA)KAlLR!P " !!z% % %  % % %  TT@A$KA)KA lL!zP0% % % TdAD$KA)KAlL!zT.318% % % TTEF$KA)KAUlL!zP t" !z!% % %  % % %  TXKM$KA)KAlLz!P22% % % TTNO$KA)KAlLz!P " !!% % %  % % %  TTTU$KA)KA2lL!P0C% % % TdUX$KA)KAClL!T.753% % % TTYZ$KA)KA}lL!P p" % Ld!??% &% 6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66 % (   % Ld~!??% &% 6K% (   % LdK!??% &% K6LK6K % (   % LdLz!??% &% L6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66 % (   % Ld!??% &% 6S% (   % LdS!??% &% S6TS6S % (   % LdT!??% &% T6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66 % (   % Ld!??% &% 6{% (   % Ld{!??% &% {6|{6{ % (   % Ld|!??% &% |6% (   % Ld!??% &%&" WMFC- Ȼț 66 % (   % Ld!??% &% 6% (   % Ld!??% &% 6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66% (   % Ld!??% &% 6K% (   % LdI!??% &% I6JI6I% (   % LdJ|!??% &% J6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66% (   % Ld!??% &% 6S% (   % LdQ!??% &% Q6RQ6Q% (   % LdR!??% &% R6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66% (   % Ld!??% &% 6{% (   % Ldy!??% &% y6zy6y% (   % Ldz!??% &% z6% (   % Ld !??% &%  6 6 % (   % Ld!??% &% 6% (  % % %  % % %  TT  $KA)KALP e% % ( FGDIC" ( ( ( " % ( ( " FEMF+,@$y,'AR*AiB5z*@$t;t;ECj[C&@*@$t;t;*@$t;t;C-YC*@$t;t;C-YC@ !# t;t;C-YC$$t;t;C-YC  33 % TTimLP% " FEMF+@ !# t;t;C-YC$$t;t;C-YC  33 % Tim  LdConclusion h@h% " F99EMF+*@$t;t;C-YC*@$t;t;*@$t;t;%C0vC%@!@ "@ @ 88p8l < EMFp8 h&)(hF, EMF+@XXF\PEMF+"@ @ $@ 0@?!@ @    V% % !Rp@"Calibrifjݹ0(0P|U((07.@d CalibriS8dv% % %  Rp@Times New RomanjݹP| UG*Axd Times New RoS8dv% % %  Tx29v@`x@3hL\Box's M=2,'S% % %  TTw 9v@`x@whLP K " !Rp@Times New Romanfjݹ0(0P| U((0G*Axd Times New RoS8dv% % %  % % %  TT;9v@`x@hLPF=% % %  TT69v@`x@6hLP K " !W% % %  % % %  TX 9v@`x@hLWPdf2Rp@Times New Roman&" WMFC- țțjݹДȓДP| UȓȓДG*Axd Times New RoS8Pdv% % %  TT 9-9v@`x@ uLWP1!% % %  TT.x9v@`x@.hLWP K " !W % % %  % % %  TX9v@`x@hLW Pdf2% % %  TT99v@`x@uLW P2!% % %  TT= 9v@`x@hLW P K " !  % % %  % % %  TT? { 9v@`x@J hL  Pp2% % %  TT|  9v@`x@| hL  P K " '% Ld!??% &% 6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66% (   % Ld!??% &% 6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66% (   % LdV!??% &% 6W% (   % LdWZW!??% &% W6[W6W% (   % Ld[ [!??% &% [6 % (   % Ld  !??% &%  6!  6 % (   % Ld! ! !??% &% ! 6 % (  !  Rp@Times New RomanjݹP| UG*Axd Times New RoS8dv% % %  Td39v@`x@3L T6.66222Rp@Times New Romanfjݹ0(0P| U((0G*Axd Times New RoS8dv% % %  TT,9v@`x@L P K " !  % % %  Td9v@`x@L T2.112.2% % %  TT9v@`x@L P K " !W  % % %  TT9v@`x@LW P32% % %  TT;9v@`x@LW P K " !W  % % %  TT9v@`x@LW P32% % %  Tl 9v@`x@LW X4850022222% % %  TT 9v@`x@ LW P K " !  % % %  TlJ * 9v@`x@J L X0.0972222% % %  TT+ u 9v@`x@+ L P K " % Ld!??% &% 6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66% (   % Ld!??% &% 6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66% (   % LdV!??% &% 6W% (   % LdWZW!??% &% W6[W6W% (   % Ld[ [!??% &" WMFC- {ț&% [6 % (   % Ld  !??% &%  6!  6 % (   % Ld! ! !??% &% ! 6 % (   % Ld  !??% &%  6 % (   % Ld  !??% &%  6  6% (   % Ld  !??% &%  6 % (   % Ld  !??% &%  6  6% (   % Ld V !??% &%  6W % (   % LdQ TQ !??% &% Q 6U Q 6Q% (   % LdU  U !??% &% U 6 % (   % Ld   !??% &%  6  6 % (   % Ld   !??% &%  6 % (  Rp@"Calibrijݹ`X`P|UXX`7.@d CalibriS8dv% % %  % % %  TT3}9v@`x@3oLVP K % % ( F4(EMF+*@$??FEMF+@ @$@ @4peECCA^S>F^CAD!b !!s % % %        : # Ĕ<]:<&CC$$Ĕ<]:<&CCs Rp"SystemX~8 a0v0 Q!!Q!!"0- @Cdb6 (- ܡv0- o(- e@$eصT@eصT@eصTNvepfTIvfl8^vfe /vdv% F(GDICV # Ĕ<]:<&CC$$Ĕ<]:<&CCRp "SystemX~ystemX~8 a0v0 Q!!Q!!"0- @Cdb6 (- ܡv0- o /vW/v= !Y vvv0; HvvHs TIvdv% % !Rp@"Calibrifjݹ0(0P|U((07.@d CalibriS8dv% % %  Rp@Times New RomanjݹP| UG*Axd Times New RoS8dv% % %  Tx9v@`x@3hL\Box's M=2,'S% % %  TT9v@`x@whLP K " !Rp@Times New Romanfjݹ0(0P| U((0G*Axd Times New RoS8dv% % %  % % %  TT9v@`x@hLPF=% % %  TT9v@`x@6hLP K " !W% % %  % % %  TX9v@`x@hLWPdf2Rp@Times New RomanjݹДȓДP| UȓȓДG*Axd Times New RoS8Pdv% % %  TT9v@`x@ uLWP1!% % %  TT9v@`x@.hLWP K " !W % % %  % % %  TX9v@`x@hLW Pdf2% % %  TT9v@`x@uLW P2!% % %  &" WMFC- [țTT9v@`x@hLW P K " !  % % %  % % %  TT9v@`x@J hL  Pp2% % %  TT9v@`x@| hL  P K " '% Ld!??% &% 6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66% (   % Ld!??% &% 6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66% (   % Ld!??% &% 6W% (   % LdW!??% &% W6[W6W% (   % Ld[!??% &% [6 % (   % Ld !??% &%  6!  6 % (   % Ld! !??% &% ! 6 % (  !  Rp@Times New RomanjݹP| UG*Axd Times New RoS8dv% % %  Td9v@`x@3L T6.66222Rp@Times New Romanfjݹ0(0P| U((0G*Axd Times New RoS8dv% % %  TT9v@`x@L P K " !  % % %  Td9v@`x@L T2.112.2% % %  TT9v@`x@L P K " !W  % % %  TT9v@`x@LW P32% % %  TT9v@`x@LW P K " !W  % % %  TT9v@`x@LW P32% % %  Tl9v@`x@LW X4850022222% % %  TT9v@`x@ LW P K " !  % % %  Tl9v@`x@J L X0.0972222% % %  TT9v@`x@+ L P K " % Ld!??% &% 6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66% (   % Ld!??% &% 6% (   % Ld!??% &% 66% (   % Ld!??% &% 6W% (   % LdW!??% &% W6[W6W% (   % Ld[!??% &% [6 % (   % Ld !??% &%  6!  6 % (   % Ld! !??% &% ! 6 % (   % Ld !??% &%  6 % (   % Ld&" WMFC- ;ț !??% &%  6  6% (   % Ld !??% &%  6 % (   % Ld !??% &%  6  6% (   % Ld !??% &%  6W % (   % LdQ !??% &% Q 6U Q 6Q% (   % LdU !??% &% U 6 % (   % Ld !??% &%  6  6 % (   % Ld !??% &%  6 % (  Rp@"Calibrijݹ`X`P|UXX`7.@d CalibriS8dv% % %  % % %  TT9v@`x@3oLVP K % % ( FGDIC" ( ( ( ( ( ( ( " % ( ( " FEMF+,@$S@t@CA^*@$t;t;%C0vC&@*@$t;t;*@$t;t;%CgB @$=AxA2FF!b $$==' % % V0:q` `   ` % % $$AAFEMF+@ @4(C@4(@,,j j @$$==_888% % V08s] ''] ] % % $$AA( FEMF+*@$t;t;@ *@$t;t;{-CpB@<0  "F"FE E3@ @${BFF/E$$==% % V0<e  PP % % $$AAFXLEMF+*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;{-CpB@<0  "F"FE E3@ *@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;u&CpB@<0 Lc3Fc3FELE3@ *@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;{-CXB@<0  `"F`"FD D3@ @ @4(C@$@w'@!:q$$==_888% % W$cg SS% % $$AA" ( F4(EMF+*@$t;t;1@ @ *@$t;t;{-CpB@<0 H{BFF?EH{B?E3@ @@4C??@ , EiEENOE@ ( $$==_8 88̙% '̙%  [JWZ K G V Z K C ? N R C# ;2 77 F' J# ;B 2Q .U >F BB 2a *p &t 6e :a * "  - 2 "   % )     !            * .   9 I M > 9 X h l \ X w   { w                    % % $$AA( F(EMF+*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;{-CpB@<0 H{BFF?EH{B?E3@ @@4C33@, E%DEq!E@$$==_8 8833% % W$BO ?% % $$AA( F(EMF+*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;{-CpB@<0  "F"FE E3@ @ @4(C@ , EiEwEiE@ $$==_8 88% % W$SW S S% % $$AA( FEMF+@ @ @4(C@, ENOEE"D@$$==_8 88% % W$HN% % $$AA( " FD8EMF+@ *@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;!9CB@<0 [3|F|FH~E[3H~E3@ *@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;!9CB@<0 [3|F|FH~E[3H~E3@ *@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;!9CB@<0 [3|F|FH~E[3H~E3@ *@$t;t; 9C#B*@$t;t; 9C#B@ !# t;t; 9C#B$$t;t; 9C#B K@0 :q:q  % TdVYw&" WMFC- țLT2.17d% " FtEMF+*@$t;t; 9C#B*@$t;t;!9CB*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;(]CjB@<0 Gƨ^FE^FETEGTE3@ *@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;(]CjB@<0 Gƨ^FE^FETEGTE3@ *@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;(]CjB@<0 Gƨ^FE^FETEGTE3@ *@$t;t;=^C~ЌB*@$t;t;=^C~ЌB@ !# t;t;=^C~ЌB$$t;t;=^C~ЌB K@0 :q:q  % TdFIwLT2.83d% " FpdEMF+*@$t;t;=^C~ЌB*@$t;t;(]CjB*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;{-CpB@<0  "F"FE E3@ @ @4(C@ , E%Df E%D@ !b $$==_8 88% % W$BF ? ?% % $$AA( FEMF+@ @ @4(C@, Eq!EE4E@$$==_8 88% % W$KQ% % $$AA( " FD8EMF+@ *@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;9CȀB@<0 :OoTFOoTFE:E3@ *@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;9CȀB@<0 :OoTFOoTFE:E3@ *@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;9CȀB@<0 :OoTFOoTFE:E3@ *@$t;t;VT:C.B*@$t;t;VT:C.B@ !# t;t;VT:C.B$$t;t;VT:C.B K@0 :q:q  % Td@CwLT3.43d% " FtEMF+*@$t;t;VT:C.B*@$t;t;9CȀB*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;\]CB@<0 Ơ5IJE5IJE.5E.5E3@ *@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;\]CB@<0 Ơ5IJE5IJE.5E.5E3@ *@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;\]CB@<0 Ơ5IJE5IJE.5E.5E3@ *@$t;t;]CSB*@$t;t;]CSB@ !# t;t;]CSB$$t;t;]CSB K@0 :q:q  % TdORwLT2.74d% " FEMF+*@$t;t;]CSB*@$t;t;\]CB*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;.'C%B@<0 11F1FD1D3@ *@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;.'C%B@<0 11F1FD1D3@ *@$t;t;.'C%B*@$t;t;.'C%B@ !# t;t;.'C%B$$t;t;.'C%B K@0 :q:q  % TdcfwLT1.00d% " FEMF+*@$t;t;.'C%B*@$t;t;.'C%B*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;.'CzB@<0 1آ1Fآ1F=E1=E3@ *@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;.'CzB@<0 1آ1Fآ1F=E1=E3@ *@$t;t;.'CzB*@$t;t;.'CzB@ !# t;t;.'CzB$$t;t;.'CzB K@0 :q:q  % Td\_wLT1.50d% " FEMF+*@$t;t;.'CzB*@$t;t;.'CzB*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;.'CӫB@<0 1؂1F؂1F}E1}E3@ *@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;.'CӫB@<0 1؂1F؂1F}E1}E3@ *@$t;t;.'CӫB*@$t;t;.'CӫB@ !# t;t;.'CӫB$$t;t;.'CӫB K@0 :q:q  % TdUXwLT2.00d% " FEMF+*@$t;t;.'CӫB*@$t;t;.'CӫB*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;.'C`,B@<0 1E1FE1FE1E3@ *@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;.'C`,B@<0 1E1FE1FE1E3@ *@$t;t;.'C`,B*@$t;t;.'C`,B@ !# t;t;.'C`,B$$t;t;.'C`,B K@0 :q:q  % TdORwLT2.50d% " FEMF+*@$t;t;.'C`,B*@$t;t;.'C`,B*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;.'CB@<0 11F1FE1E3@ *@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;.'CB@<0 11F1FE1E3@ *@$t;t;.'CB*@$t;t;.'CB@ !# t;t;.'CB$$t;t;.'CB K@0 :q:q  % TdHKwLT3.00d% " FEMF+*@$t;t;.'CB*@$t;t;.'CB*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;.'CtڂB@<0 1@1F@1FE1E3@ *@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;.'CtڂB@< &WMFC-ț0 1@1F@1FE1E3@ *@$t;t;.'CtڂB*@$t;t;.'CtڂB@ !# t;t;.'CtڂB$$t;t;.'CtڂB K@0 :q:q  % TdADwLT3.50d% " FEMF+*@$t;t;.'CtڂB*@$t;t;.'CtڂB*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;.'CgfjB@<0 1t1Ft1FE1E3@ *@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;.'CgfjB@<0 1t1Ft1FE1E3@ *@$t;t;.'CgfjB*@$t;t;.'CgfjB@ !# t;t;.'CgfjB$$t;t;.'CgfjB K@0 :q:q  % Td:=wLT4.00d% " FEMF+*@$t;t;.'CgfjB*@$t;t;.'CgfjB*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;:C7B@<0 BFF?D B?D3@ *@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;:C7B@<0 BFF?D B?D3@ *@$t;t;:C7B*@$t;t;:C7B@ !# t;t;:C7B$$t;t;:C7B K@0 :q:q  % TxfiwL\spaced d% " FEMF+*@$t;t;:C7B*@$t;t;:C7B*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;(\C7B@<0 VEVE?D?D3@ *@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;(\C7B@<0 VEVE?D?D3@ *@$t;t;(\C7B*@$t;t;(\C7B@ !# t;t;(\C7B$$t;t;(\C7B K@0 :q:q  % TpfiwLXmassed7% " FH<EMF+*@$t;t;(\C7B*@$t;t;(\C7B*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;)BCB@<0 HEENDHND3@ *@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;qCC&B@<0 h E E-Dh-D3@ *@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;*LC&B@<0  E E-D-D3@ *@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;qCC6B@<0 hEEDhD3@ @ @@4C??@ $@@ !b $$==_8 88̙% %  [Plp < L L < < \ g g \ \  % % $$AA( F, EMF+*@$t;t;1@ @ *@$t;t;*LC6B@<0 EEDD3@ @@4C33@$@@$$==_8 8833% % W$lp  % % $$AA( " FEMF+*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;cIGC&B@<0 mEE @ m @3@ *@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;cIGC&B@<0  E E-D-D3@ *@$t;t;cIGC&B*@$t;t;cIGC&B@ !# t;t;cIGC&B$$t;t;cIGC&B K@0 :q:q  % TdlowLTlow o!d% " FEMF+*@$t;t;cIGC&B*@$t;t;cIGC&B*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;OC&B@<0 EE @ @3@ *@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;OC&B@<0  gE gE-D-D3@ *@$t;t;OC&B*@$t;t;OC&B@ !# t;t;OC&B$$t;t;OC&B K@0 :q:q  % TdlowLThigho% " F0$EMF+*@$t;t;OC&B*@$t;t;OC&B*@$t;t;1@ *@$t;t;%CgB@ @4(C@4(@,,j j @!b $$==_8 88% % V08s] ''] ] % % $$AA( F0$EMF+*@$t;t;@ *@$t;t;%CgB@<0 A`A4F`A4FFAF3@ *@$t;t;@   3@ *@$t;t;1@ !@ Ldgh)??" FEMF+@   g---$8h8h----$8vhvh88----$vhhvv----$hh----$hh----$hh----$hh----$hh----$'h'h----$'<h<h''----$<OhOh<<----$O]h]hOO----$]lhlh]]----$lzhzhll----$zhhzz----$hh----$hh----$hh----$hh---'. fTimes New Roman-E2 ])Effects of Word Concreteness and Spacing  "System?????????????-'. f-32 son EFL Vocabulary Acquisition-'. f-2 -'. f-@2 'b&ϾҵѧѧѧԺ-'. f- 2 ' -'. f- 2 'Ͼ-'. f-2 '211816-'. f- 2 '-'. 33Wingdings- 2 ~ (-'. 33Times New Roman-2 ~Purposes-'. Times New Roman-2 [ This study is an attempt to examine how word concreteness and spacing each affect EFL -'. -2 Plearners recall of word meaning, and how they interact on EFL learners recall.-'. -m2 D Specifically, it is to investigate the following two questions:-'. -2 V1. How do word concreteness and spacing each contribute to EFL vocabulary acquisition?-'. -2 U2. Is there any interaction between word concreteness and spacing for EFL vocabulary ?-'. -2  acquisition? -'. --Wingdings- 2 (-'. ---=2 $Table 4.5 Simple effects comparisons-'. 33- 2 1 (-'. 33-2 1 Introduction-'. -2 7` Vocabulary acquisition is of great significance for L2 learners. One of the most important -'. -2 =\features of vocabulary is concreteness and one of the most effective ways of learning seems -'. -2 DWto be spacing. A few studies have been conducted on vocabulary acquisition in terms of -'. -2 JWword concreteness and spacing. The concreteness effect has been confirmed mostly in L1 -'. -2 PTstudies. However, few studies reached consistent conclusions in the field of second -'. -2 VXlanguage learning. Although several studies have found the spacing effect in vocabulary -'. -2 ]Rlearning, little has been done with regard to the interactive effect between word -'. -2 cZconcreteness and (learning) spacing. The thesis examines the effects of word concreteness -'. -2 i\and spacing (spaced and massed distribution) and their interactive effect on EFL vocabulary -'. -2 o acquisition.-'. 33- 2 (-'. 33-2 Method-'. -H2 + The study employed a 2 (concreteness) -'. - 2 I-'. -O2 M0 2 (spacing) research design. Word concreteness -'. -2 Qwas a within-subjects variable and spacing was a between-subjects variable. Word -'. -2 aconcreteness had two levels, i.e., high and low concreteness. Spacing also had two levels, i.e., -'. -2 Smassed and spaced learning. EFL vocabulary acquisition was the dependent variable, l-'. -W2 5measured in terms of receptive vocabulary knowledge. -'. -2 ^ 52 second year English majors participated in this experiment. They came from two intact -'. -2 [classes and were randomly assigned to one of the two vocabulary learning tasks (spaced and c-'. -2 Ymassed learning). 20 target words (10 words with high concreteness and 10 words with low d-'. -i2 Aconcreteness) were chosen for this study. This study utilized Minn-'. - 2 l-'. --2 os (2008) 4-item modified t-'. -:2 "VKS (Vocabulary Knowledge Scale). -'. -2 _ The reading and true or false judgment tasks, and the modified VSK were pilot-tested with -'. -2 ^5 non-participants. During the experiment, each group of participants was asked to finish the -'. -2 Tsentence reading task and true or false judgments within the maximum time limits as -'. -2 \stipulated in the instructions. The spaced group finished the 20 sentence reading task with -'. -2 ]target words. The next day, they read another set of 20 sentences with the same target words -'. -2 [again. The massed group were assigned to the 40 sentence reading task once on the same day s-'. -2 \when the spaced group was tested the second time. On the third day, the two groups took the -'. -2 !bpost-test of the target words. All the test data were collected and they were all valid. Data are -'. -W2 '5submitted to SPSS 16.0 and analyzed by a mixed ANOVA.-'. 33- 2 2(-'. 33-'2 2Figure 4.1 Means plot-'. -2 x[Low = abstractness, high = concreteness, spaced = spaced learning, massed = massed learning -'. -2  d-'. -O2 0As is shown in Table 4.2, BoxM is 6.66 and the -'. -2 corresponding-'. Times New Roman- 2  p -'. -72 = 0.097 > 0.05 showing that the -'. -F2 *covariance matrices between variables are -'. -2 homogeneous.-'. - 2  -'. 33- 2 (-'. 33Times New Roman- 12 Assumptions of a mixed AVONA-'. 33- 2 (-'. 33-N2 /Table 4.2 Box's test of equality of covariance -'. -2 v W-'. -2 vnord concreteness has a significant main effect on EFL vocabulary acquisition. In other words, words with high -'. -2 |Qconcreteness will be more effectively acquired than those with low concreteness. a-'. - 2 |&S-'. -92 |(!pacing has no main effect on EFL -'. -2 zvocabulary acquisition. It seems that the spaced distribution group performs no better than the massed distribution group.-'. -2  T-'. -2 rhere is a significant interactive effect between word concreteness and spacing on EFL vocabulary acquisition. EFL -'. -2 ylearners, in the spaced group, performed significantly better in learning concrete words than in learning abstract ones, .-'. -U2 4while in the massed group, no difference was found. -'- -% E-- - -% E-- - -% E-- '.,! Times New Roman- 2 F-'.,,! - 2 "df-'.,,! Times New Roman- 2 $1-'.,9- - 2 -df-'.,9- - 2 /2-'.,E9 - 2 9p-'.,  - 2 Abstract-'.,! Times New Roman- 2 0.00-'.,,! - 2 "1-'.,9- - 2 -44-'.,E9 - 2 91.00-'.,  - 2 Concrete-'.,! - 2 1.16-'.,,! - 2 "1-'.,9- - 2 -44-'.,E9 - 2 90.29-'. --- 2 (-'. ---X2 6Table 4.3 Levene's test of equality of error variances-'. - 2  9-'. -L2 . As is shown in Table 4.3, the assumption of -'. -2 P variance -'. -2  homogeneity -'. -(2 is met in this study (-'. - 2 8 p-'. - 2 ; -'. - 2 <>-'. -2 > 0.05e-'. - 2 F)-'. - 2 G.-'. --- 2 (-'. --- I2 ,A mixed AVONA for EFL vocabulary acquisition-'. --- 2 (-'. ---[2 8Table 4.4 Tests of within-subjects and between-subjects -'. ---2 effectse-'. -$2  Table 4.4 show-'. - 2 s-'. -F2 * that word concreteness has a significant -'. -02 main effect on EFL learners-'. - 2 -'. --2  vocabulary acquisition (r-'. - 2 F-'. -2  = 4.64, -'. - 2 p-'. -=2 $ = 0.037 < 0.05), with a relatively -'. -2 medium-'. -2  effect size (-'. - 2 ?-'. - 2 p-'. - 2 2 -'. - 2 = -'. -'2 0.10). The mean score-'. - 2 s-'. - 2  -'. - 2 fori-'. - 2  the-'. -2  low and high -'. -!2 concreteness are c-'. -.2 respectively 2.50 and 3.09-'. -<2 #, as shown in Table 4.1. Therefore,-'. - 2  -'. -2 &concrete-'. -2 & words-'. -+2 &, compared with abstract-'. -2 & words-'. - 2 &, -'. - 2 &arer-'. -2 & easier for -'. -2 ,memorization. -'. -12 2 However, Table 4.4 show-'. - 2 2s-'. -?2 2% that there is no significant effect -'. -@2 9&of spacing on vocabulary acquisition, -'. - 2 9F-'. -2 9 = 0.002, -'. - 2 9p-'. -2 9 = 0.96 > 0.05 -'. - 2 ?andr-'. - 2 ? -'. - 2 ??-'. - 2 @p-'. - 2 >2-'. - 2 ? =-'. - 2 ? -'. -2 ? 0.000. Th-'. -2 ?at is,-'. - 2 ? -'. - 2 ?the -'. -2 ?spaced e-'. -2 ?learning-'. -2 ? group perform-'. - 2 ?s-'. - 2 ? -'. - 2 ?no r-'. -2 E better than -'. -2 E the massed -'. -2 E learning d-'. -2 Egroup.-'. -.2 L Similarly, Table 4.4 -'. -2 Lshows -'. -12 Lthat there is a significant -'. -F2 R*interaction between word concreteness and -'. -2 Rspacingg-'. - 2 R, -'. - 2 RF-'. -2 R = 6.12, -'. - 2 Rp-'. - 2 R -'. -2 X= 0.017g-'. -2 X < 0.05g-'. - 2 X and-'. - 2 X -'. - 2 X?-'. - 2 Yp-'. - 2 W2-'. -2 X = 0.12. -'. -62 XTable 4.5 further explains the -'. -F2 ^*interaction between word concreteness and -'. -2 ^spacing.-'. -`2  ; As is shown in Table 4.5, zero is not included in the -'. --2  lower and upper bound in s-'. - 2 395% -'. - 2 ;c-'. -2 < onfidence -'. - 2 Li-'. -2 Mnterval.-'. -2 X for a-'. -Z2  7the spaced learning group, which shows that there is a -'. -62  significant difference between -'. - 2 Ather-'. -2 G abstract and -'. -32  concrete words. The value of -'. - 2 8t-'. - 2 9 (-'. - 2 ;t-'. - 2 < = r-'. -2 @-2.675-'. - 2 J, -'. - 2 Lp-'. - 2 N = 0-'. - 2 S.014-'. - 2 Z < 4-'. -W2 & 50.05) further shows a significant difference between -'. -O2 , 0the abstract and concrete words. For the massed -'. -[2 2 8learning group, zero is included in the lower and upper -'. -2 9  bound in -'. - 2 995% -'. - 2 9"c-'. -2 9# onfidence -'. - 2 94i-'. -2 95nterval.-'. -$2 9@, which shows that -'. -[2 ? 8there is no significant difference between abstract and -'. -32 E concrete words. The value of -'. - 2 E8t-'. - 2 E9 (-'. - 2 E<t-'. - 2 E= = 0-'. - 2 EC.318-'. - 2 EI, -'. - 2 EKp-'. - 2 EM = 0-'. - 2 ES.753-'. - 2 EZ > 3-'. -X2 L 60.05) further shows no significant difference between -'. -U2 R 4the abstract and concrete words. Regardless of word -'. -K2 X -concreteness, simple comparisons indicate no e-'. -W2 ^ 5significant difference between the spaced and massed -'. -2 e  learning (-'. - 2 ep-'. -2 e > 0.05).-'--"System?????????????-  ."System?????????????-., Times New Roman-2 Source"System?????????????-'., - 2 SS-'., - 2 df-'., - 2 MS-'., - 2 F-'., - 2 p-'., - 2 ?-'., Times New Roman- 2 p-'., - 2 2-'., - 2 C-'., -2 oncreteness-'., Times New Roman-2 7.924e-'., - 2 1-'., -2 7.924e-'., - 2 4.64-'., - 2 0-'., - 2 .037-'., - 2 0-'., - 2 .107-'., - 2 C-'., -2 oncreteness-'., - 2 -'., -2 Spacing.-'., -2 10.446-'., - 2 1-'., -2 10.446-'., - 2 6.12-'., - 2 0-'., - 2 .017-'., - 2 0-'., - 2 .127-'., -2 Error(C)-'., -2 75.130-'., - 2 44-'., -2 1.7080-'., -2 Spacing)-'., - 2 .011-'., - 2 1-'., - 2 .011-'., - 2 0-'., - 2 .002-'., - 2 .961-'., - 2 0-'., - 2 .000-'., -2 Errorn-'., -2 197.565)-'., - 2 44-'., -2 4.4906-'--%----%----%----%--''-'. 33- 2 3(-'. 33-2 3 Results)-'. 33- 2 9(-'. 33-72 9 Table 4.1 Descriptive statistics-'--% APA----% GPG----% ]P]--'.,  Calibri- 2 C  -'.,4& - 2 F'M-'.,B4 - 2 F5SD-'.,PB - 2 FCN-'.,  - 2 K Abstract-'.,& - 2 KSpaced-'.,4& - 2 K'2.17-'.,B4 - 2 K51.47-'.,PB - 2 KC23-'.,& - 2 QMassed-'.,4& - 2 Q'2.83-'.,B4 - 2 Q51.59-'.,PB - 2 QC23-'.,  - 2 V Concrete-'.,& - "2 VSpaced -'.,4& - 2 V'3.43-'.,B4 - 2 V52.17-'.,PB - 2 VC23-'.,& - 2 \Massed-'.,4& - 2 \'2.74-'.,B4 - 2 \51.74-'.,PB - 2 \C23-'. -2 vc In general, several features can be drawn from Table 4.1. The concrete words appear to elicit -'. -2 |`better learning than the abstract words do. Moreover, the spaced learning group outperforms the -'. -2 _massed learning group in the acquisition of concrete words. Finally, the massed learning group -'. -2 Wperforms better than the spaced group in the acquisition of abstract words, though the -'. -%2 difference is small.-'. -2 ? As -'. - 2 ?i-'. -*2 ?s shown in Figure 4.1, -'. - 2 ?.the -'. -2 ?5spaced -'. -2 ?Clearning-'. -2 ?R group g-'. -2 E outperform-'. - 2 E s-'. -2 E  the massed -'. -2 E!learning-'. -2 E/ group-'. - 2 E: in -'. - 2 E@the -'. -2 EE acquisition of -'. -2 Lconcrete words, -'. -2 L while g-'. -2 Lit is true of -'. -%2 L1the other way round -'. - 2 LTin i-'. - 2 LXthei-'. - 2 L] -'. -2 R acquisition-'. - 2 R  of -'. -72 R abstract words. Furthermore, in -'. - 2 RKthe -'. -2 RRspaced g-'. -<2 X#distribution group, concrete words -'. - 2 X-a-'. -92 X.!re better acquired than abstract s-'. -2 ^words, g-'. -Q2 ^1while a small or no difference was found for the -'. -2 ^Rmassed g-'. -2 elearning-'. -2 e . All these -'. -2 esuggestg-'. - 2 e) -'. - 2 e*an g-'. -2 e/ interaction -'. -2 eDbetweeng-'. -2 eS word -'. -12 kconcreteness and spacing on -'. - 2 k$EFL -'. -*2 k+vocabulary acquisition.-'. -H2 6T+ As is shown in Table 4.1, in terms of -'. -B2 =T'abstract words, the mean score for the -'. -!2 CTspaced learning (i-'. - 2 CnM-'. --2 Cr = 2.17) is smaller than o-'. -42 ITthat for the massed learning (-'. - 2 IM-'. -2 I = 2.83) -'. -:2 OT"with the mean difference of 0.66. -'. -B2 VT'Nevertheless, with respect to concrete -'. -?2 \T%words, the mean score for the spaced e-'. -2 bT learning (-'. - 2 bcM-'. -92 bf! = 3.43) is larger than that for c-'. -'2 iTthe massed learning (n-'. - 2 iwM-'. -"2 iz = 2.74) with the -'. --2 oTmean difference of 0.69. i-'. --- 2 (-'. --- 2   -'. ---2  Implications-'. -2 U This study has both theoretical and pedagogical implications. Theoretically, it -'. -2 \contributes much to our understanding of how concreteness and spacing affect EFL vocabulary -'. -2  knowledgeo-'. -42 $. This study lends support to -'. -2 P the dual-o-'. -2  coding theory-'. - 2  and-'. -62 # the context-availability model-'. -2 R , but not to -'. - 2 cthed-'. -.2 h spacing learning theory. -'. -2 Pedagogically, -'. - 2 EFL -'. -2  teachers a-'. -2 are recommended -'. - 2 to -'. -2 design-'. -2  vocabularyn-'. - 2  -'. -2 exercise-'. - 2 s-'. -2  more properly-'. -%2 , taking account of -'. - 2 ;ther-'. -'2 ? learning difference n-'. -K2 -between words with low and high concreteness.-'. - 2 i M-'. -2 i = mean, -'. - 2 iSD-'. -*2 i! = standard deviation, -'. - 2 m N -'. - 2 m= -'. - 2 ms-'. -2 m ample size-'---  ."System?????????????-."System?????????????--, @"Calibri------  2   ',=---@Times New Roman--- &2 "=Paired Differences--- 2 3= ',G=------  2 B=G ',RG------  2 LGR ',\R------  2 WR\ '- @ ! -- -- @ !---- @ !%--=-- @ !=--==-- @ ! =--G-- @ !G--GG-- @ ! G--R-- @ !R--RR-- @ ! R--\-, ------  2   ',!------  2 ! ',)!------  2 %!) ',=)------ 2 0)=95% CI--- 2 7)= ',G=---@Times New Roman---  2 B=Gt--- 2 C=G ',RG------ 2 LGRdf--- 2 MGR ',\R------  2 VR\p--- 2 WR\ '- @ ! -- -- @ !---- @ ! --!-- @ !!--!!-- @ !!--)-- @ !)--))-- @ !)--=-- @ !=--==-- @ ! =--G-- @ !G--GG-- @ ! G--R-- @ !R--RR-- @ ! R--\-, ------  2   ',!------  2 !M--- 2 ! ',)!------  2 $!)S--- 2 %!)D--- 2 &!) ',3)------ 2 +)3LowerI--- 2 1)3 ',=3------ 2 53=UpperI--- 2 ;3= ',G=------  2 B=G ',RG------  2 LGR ',\R------  2 WR\ '- @ ! -- -- @ !---- @ ! --!-- @ !!--!!-- @ !!--)-- @ !)--))-- @ ! )--3-- @ !3--33-- @ ! 3--=-- @ !=--==-- @ ! =--G-- @ !G--GG-- @ ! G--R-- @ !R--RR-- @ ! R--\-, --- 2  Pair 1--- 2   --- 2  l--- 2  o---2  w --- 2  ---- 2   ---2  high--- 2   ------2  (spaced)--- 2   ',!------  2 !----2 !1.261e--- 2 ! ',)!------ 2 "!)2.261e--- 2 (!) ',3)------  2 +)3----2 ,)32.238e--- 2 1)3 ',=3------  2 53=---- 2 63=0---2 73=.283--- 2 ;3= ',G=------  2 ?=G----2 @=G2.675e--- 2 E=G ',RG------ 2 KGR22--- 2 NGR ',\R------  2 TR\0---2 UR\.014--- 2 YR\ '- @ ! -- -- @ !---- @ ! --!-- @ !!--!!-- @ !!--)-- @ !)--))-- @ ! )--3-- @ !3--33-- @ ! 3--=-- @ !=--==-- @ ! =--G-- @ !G--GG-- @ ! G--R-- @ !R--RR-- @ ! R--\-, --- 2  Pair e--- 2  2--- 2   ---2  low --- 2  ---- 2   ---2  high--- 2   ------2  (massed)--- 2   ',!------  2 !0---2 !.087--- 2 ! ',)!------ 2 "!)1.311e--- 2 (!) ',3)------  2 +)3---- 2 ,)3.--- 2 ,)30---2 .)34801--- 2 1)3 ',=3------  2 53=0---2 73=.654--- 2 ;3= ',G=------  2 @=G0---2 A=G.318--- 2 E=G ',RG------ 2 KGR22--- 2 NGR ',\R------  2 TR\0---2 UR\.753--- 2 YR\ '- @ ! -- -- @ !---- @ ! --!-- @ !!--!!-- @ !!--)-- @ !)--))-- @ ! )--3-- @ !3--33-- @ ! 3--=-- @ !=--==-- @ ! =--G-- @ !G--GG-- @ ! G--R-- @ !R--RR-- @ ! R--\-- @ ! -- -- @ !---- @ ! --!-- @ !!--!!-- @ !!--)-- @ !)--))-- @ ! )--3-- @ !3--33-- @ ! 3--=-- @ !=--==-- @ ! =--G-- @ !G--GG-- @ ! G--R-- @ !Q--QRQQ-- @ ! R--R\-------  2  ` --''-'. 33- 2 m(-'. 33-2 m Conclusion -'---  ."System?????????????-."System?????????????--,@"Calibri---@Times New Roman--- 2 Box's M)---  2   ',@Times New Roman------  2 F---  2   ',------ 2 df@Times New Roman---  2 1---  2   ',------ 2 df---  2 2---  2   ',------  2 p---  2   '- @ !---- @ !---- @ !---- @ !---- @ !---- @ !---- @ !---- @ !---- @ !---,@Times New Roman--- 2 6.66@Times New Roman---  2   ',--- 2 2.11---  2   ',---  2 3---  2   ',---  2 3--- 2 48500 ---  2   ',--- 2 0.097 ---  2   '- @ !---- @ !---- @ !---- @ !---- @ !---- @ !---- @ !---- @ !---- @ !---- @ !---- @ !---- @ !---- @ !---- @ !---- @ !---- @ !---- @ !---- @ !---@"Calibri------  2   --''-'--$:qq::----$::qq:----$<ee<<--,q:--%ee--'̙-̙-8UTUVUTTUUTTSTUTSSTTSSRSTSRRSSRRQRSRQQRRQQPQRQPPQQPPOPQPOOPPOONOPONNOONNMNONMMNNMMLMNMLLMML--33--%DM----%UU----%LJ--'.,q: - 2 Y2.17-'.,q: - 2 I2.83-'--%DD----%MP--'.,q: - 2 C3.43-'.,q: - 2 R2.74-'.,q: - 2 f1.00-'.,q: - 2 _1.50-'.,q: - 2 X2.00-'.,q: - 2 R2.50-'.,q: - 2 K3.00-'.,q: - 2 D3.50-'.,q: - 2 =4.00-'.,q: -2 ispaced )-'.,q: -2 imassed-'̙--8nnoonnnoon--33--%nn--'.,q: - 2 olow -'.,q: - 2 ohigh-'--$::qq:-- @ )h'Microsoft PowerPointPictures̢Current User5n۞!TO)8<> ٲ<pPm#PmllLS89-bkbW 9̣η޿MmrF`ߴt'Ą^_2. xj1xm 0p~ua1r wZnV6/d(=|=m+CIF{$Mr~;90GJۥ1]q>@=FcUCq,`gUfqx]}lTו?=6؀C봴8!m?q6hh>bhP6ĉ`FbWNH).GJ?HSwj[BV(X,rՆ(HԏUv۴RCW߽=O޼yof';{܏s4 kG}{|AKMCDu > $~eNS':in^4.gvG޿ w㙣|O=qT$3f[hfOLFƠ56[. m# 5۸?:a6?}g3SѪSWonP..D6CfgNlC=r2';_»1cm2V+ԫ\2|i-q'Z' =դ2"O6$䚳J m\)샜B})I;i?!:|iҰ!׏I{VEN_g?$SVj|nC?=VEu8V:хk$C\uާoO~~{:J/=vBBu[֧_YJܖb;-9bͿ{al_d>1stZϮozR z_NDsj7Z?&ѣb"wO(GHz~Ie[;a;LƌQ̸S:ϖerb>yUOŴǛ,=^O<+9A}r䚳\: l37h|>w9`c;pWwlx`Q j-W]pX猗;}_;Wrq\Uq9~pp3QzLa.8͸ƕW(p8"}Ε\#3aJo;i\p,ac.8i7!Sa9\ĸ&}b#o80^;-6+Wrq}rciHY]p8F!T% V`L+ybJ~-_T1x^07+s``E ^kAUmƕW(08 Ε\-\9~08'71xRˋ`4oxPڷrAZo叫ўMO5N[5ΪzV$[A-X\p^n+ʶMWBc ѱVn^ĿA;gKu`ΈZ5yai5-?{ڪGx?e?NvN7p|YTcW^q/uQ]mº(>QNjz 1&V]?Lՙk{۾|_UsRwMsKG;þAZ]yxOS˓mo4zƍ5& {yt/(^"c^^OK)~FBsc+P'x _rx«RKZ&. F>6eݝ罁acW^Nر*4q]0 #Q u\ySaX K`Dciاgg\ `+MblO'.'ǕW(0)1v̅`|Qy`YfLI yYj1 Ӹ򊓮b$mHqK;yW5]B1*_*5iL^ " R3 &baS>6הk1/A\yIpJZo6ˢ\Vm>%TM^ag,?7UN?EQ<\G\KoL :1-8#bZKLɭՌi zL+NjŴ@ճŴ,#iyFsMuڼu{Ş'Ӟm{|ۄ0m5yľL6a2mf.d!0ۖ}lWq:Pk]Q}ku°ob7,0Nu<qqxM;q.cV1Aw\yfǿ!\0>uhqM'>em*bcW^ĵqn!L1M\9~n "f3Rsd;BOqcސC.Gci'&+KޝPUuW^lr52i,r\p,{Ajp Kc(ͳd/v#Yu 6WgC.܇V9ܯ6˹}Nmh m_S];m*gbnԱg'_|=-NQ}yK}Y|}:W^axx,ˣ1aLŤKُg+SYڝS]kd&LYĸ`Y3/v w`g+0q L}&wB.[6˜ N e?bV0y2/iW%cW^qU⢫}hקj !0% |Qy`Yo\0>՚cW^;l޻ Z"+AOwbtU[U`L+N[\tm~t?"OY8SHڇ'g~OKX3nUbx=D =Vq V"-S~i|unO88./`7кco:q+PTzO&O;SK/s%.wiukz\+8_Sq0%g;g+v!^ֽ]o}̑;Y{;u\y'&*~BރlwLV\YOȻWBf92T,`o{ử}m Xeeo"Uvr&ef[ADm[94Dzmu9^HxΉ|}my?rM3/:]uZ{9GjG<.iV?۱Ux?5X['up^hǯNuS![txyš k!(9忕o9\'!C{͜,'=$oFZ5ķf5zꎔѪ>Y]צNNKsnWyu i{`hC{2t:f>8辡F¿$5}Oa|ѡCtlǁӔy7f}.Vovc~t8O:"ʥ)1h? _ \~1kQCp22 Ji%!k`1GqqEW<ПS7F_21bJB-w}r[o`>g6mxgOMo+7:tthxeG%㤿'}rlQM iݛR6a. {Hiv7q_ض,m,^iU$pVxe tz,N2fϴi%%%G3ۊ{A2(EY' "n/c4*mCviCJo!'l*^rҭꉁ{~\  t{L0-*Ӿ }o4FL3nXT 7(*•oaYtYn-PƃU+MY[2FbF娲1]߿a6 ճe22J=;l/W(]*?qPzrT!To2/mSO]j6uG+[t )<˓#.ӚN(e%G89O1;jɑ-.o1!rw',)mGOVz>3.ӎoɑ4ˑ#s(2q`GƼarROzS=ݶTHw1NmE/0>'=X)]`κf.D3Y[~_ W%iui6m |.m̥ͦZ>'йt.۳D@=}jK趩rI WV Kx]}TcUĶ mAďUZ>dcTTL]"eJbKԦ1%nE!MjMvg[wXWj akR&9sgory{3!vꉅ|Nx-k`gEB\$_WMwr{~oHl= 9FFt @̒ik} [MX| 绲y\9m/nssŹf7_< ;ҹ%T 6G++B ;Wʽ,}5*_ 8N[~?WW_/{qUwGuąq8?8O{/{|`_>vh `O #m7/;A5KнR+6&9/sӎ1cw˝p7q\N1!ái|E76sNs޷.qq1H^ 4Q=;{ߺ ĽȽ.g=o]t28NiN ib ط.Ҍ{OB]1,nvKl[Ea~@i{<ǭ@*(6Ώq*;18me8 $ #F?پ,VH?ED~[M'x\νL0=lsj?JĜrjS}j1aڟ+ϩ%M~췉|=NQuz'#5R#].(ApMڑ$p޿q+/ '!]/mobkm[blmUl m qC2,a\U\kW{Q؆<4Tp{Q.s~/ ǕZh+Ŗ;s] Kel@4>p uA8 _N.cC>Aϱg+ ue.=[]OznHolн.hNs KGB ƕufqDuAs޷._Xž|sjE'㞊o]=7=44ޓP;.p\ ܻwi$[jXn|PS07Lt2~l{rG nfYb&_b 66ql/Pq}o ZS` A]YIFrFR]OE]2Ƚ.hNПg" TGEcߺdS{]М ¡?+i/aOuA>ƾuf{ 1}.pS,s=![/W"c|Q,)m7nrO" DLA Lz#iUB}\ Kז^k{_e ^~6 u֟-VVK ҄~woP ׫oKU9^ }:!I𷭟.\KKgeۧp牽2r1?ަF6|(ePw^., WrC>b:u~'S;\;\+Bo] p]["xP%SKM:_&6 q*3{{0d=(7 ^Z"&/c x^6ě㱍wT5ϫ3s~g 8rϫys N2ʰI+x рl6qYg:?x4{,ge ~3~dpsf ~߸_ԵJk2G]goFWx䫪HŹ>*6Ώ,BwK׏&R~uksel TuXxcw8Mx/-34Cӆؚ|㺫[hKcB~`8r-%.FrXg-=֡X,׶jTq-ԗBqU_e ^_UccC>{V6;vU_e}p%]%]elg4;IwU_e}"˸3]p{ TM㣞cϸuAs޷.^_UZm~.ƸT@4'}bqe |RhbqDuAs޷.^_Už|oh[{*v uA8T^~SAcߺH3= us0yvn)5>z6/ ?W1חc}m%@8{qK*sSN|Xr~/]YnN8( K*rR9q {hco}NNkS: >{ пZuA8;M1;]|u;~{/{ߺe. ̔OxMm8'}pwZbvg4~sl63#Yuqqfg5a=7qN 60v Iϗi[T^pN 60v Iϥi[{OB]~Amg 3iZA~z:z |Kn6u[#nj5 nb.b59} y/4n@=>].q p8 VU@\ x[ME~=3̲l*#,$1Q1hMĸ2aA8EF zEx0(xPu՛~OAvyկի״CD[iqQ=@t4E}d2"/$9ABDk8~}QoJVenw($O^@ ]iUVfMͷӕ wfW_ˏ+TB>E>Z&A.VzNbL:Te_*(ifzI{\ym?;MyT3y恌O^N}zW/-,FO(3~{F[w~Ax1S3Ǟ0ɉOy|@4b|&V_geO.u^IoŚ>,alT1>}tǧdUO">s4ZSF+̯E;7S^UTzkCSpy.Wckւܦ*.$N]^;N'tJ8eUy\؟f*DKr19ML׺pLWZsF+m9MuS@3+--OT9 &?t`Rmkac]Z W勤MBke'wAtDcC!gf|Fk^8l5ދ^uCqncR+P-Ƨk#>ݦVOR.9?oX;.:wYU˝[Aw{1Vֿ"v}wocڇ<3P^%|׹<*<_2B᛻YyƎq Çkrl/:Qnvnyzq9< :{-E~k+ErS/  W EgOo i  8   @r'G?J@@x  "diډ  I+  @'KON@@ O_@@E?Yzv" $   ,Ӵ@@ W@@d O  I/ʗwH{ĭ;F^Iў^  e7].c i^-EN9"ʩ  XFIYYCՓ'6#늜ɚ-RѸQzy1TS@@歕QڍҤ^22k*Uݳշh-@@g֧'l_^6+"YBTM|G{%@@ a7/=.uՉ\"eR<,),)sZ4xyא3@@Ivg=hϳVgQ[@@b_9W`O_Æ˭yjrqFiÈM0X8@@ Ę?>-5<)IŎbX|!hϋO+(@@Hiii9yĪA@@Fi؏@@@!@  E.=I;@@!@  E.=I;@@!@  E.=I;@@!@  E.=I;@@!@  E.=I;@@!@  E.=I;@@!@  E.=I;@@!@  E.=I;@@!@  E.=I;@@!@  E.=I;@@!@  E.=I;@@!@  E.=I;@@!@  E.=I;@@!@  E.=I;@@!@  E.=I;@@!@  E.=I;@@!@  E.=I;@@!@  E.=I;@@!@  E.=I;@@!@  E.=I;@@!@/S-ia,x!ف  PgQh!5YeO՚6,Mp{<u0! .@?]@+ozD:z;#٢gegkRV+cC@K [l" oVd_ԯ+Vyup@Zb U`歕:4;@@4d[IqRJ;, rxB@ [Өr IkcӲ&_^o"i ur HD-$hM$[Ў`5Mv־,5H:,pe^e@+@oݾ 'm<޵Fͦ+^Sh9  & Ge򨯯k=ȹnR WdW '9WJ]RF󻧇l( 1Iߟ  `_؃8ד}sPEdGlԋ*Jr)8};Lo-}6}KuU7_@@B11_/sr}3p 5rGEmƍ$H 5ϫ|{d:MpVl* PbCP@@LrOki_$yL/dƂK_j<*d 1i +׿#QOmh4u-@@n11&_R  SJkm]/z,[I: [ўDy?*:9 xYQ^hMr :uN=9@-S1CU^NˢI )%eֽcaI~wҷ}#ok_5Y|g@@\s;Rh蛀'U!+;~MFZMZۨ Bowͪk"P !`rHϹDO 417Dչ&L=ƓSf|\  8"eg"#ޑuҜ q0)7+xRzԉÇ9nJ%!Ւ“J;nJ}Rꔳ p1:Dr E@; 3Ǹk컟!vbQDrU}z!'5~_ovSf@@ )---7'Ϟn5j<2+] @?\& T럔G\s##  `]#2yjOV ;@@] NbCy:_1wǜ 4i|  KrW=.|r7}NѪg  17?Ǹ+V S3-.y޷W]@xHV -@@@܂sI+eԯ+C2}kW{od=& )@@@ ,9:oXXWK篳L>y^mUsP7JS9/ ;%My 9Iܼ@ :om75p9>bV#T[WklRxWA:JtZ[ud~D&[9ij2_*rEyM|h ,u#2 trTY4O*\`;@@lE) @9 蛁zC8x+/ȑ D@FI,Vx_&9|K:MQ 8 u@@ q/  -W>#Mz[qG1cҰ޻7D5l?!M8nW @ ω@`z{䨺à S 9%rD՛ҲlIKct@E;j# g8! ئ,ZP0!=w @n ۀÁdCꍀN'Q{ozg r$#!8@^}.|x+8|KD`^G@Ig  e(K``ZXǘ' T f4 Α,R2c? ߇|\P tnkWedUs|`ڌL *N@ [7%04tSN=cx[ n7+D̆ @" 'RoPHX!9nRoRy9 =W,[Ҙ8L@$ O `u ;oߐޞ)ƌMEKoIV@C? $A Toك? v8KP|;s$#!8@ f )Y1@ @7=uZ? yY\Rt=ꭀZ @3P @ L+~m0虙Y@6i32Yd,;@ a Girhb4vTV\c]2Ć~ZwHMFiUԯ+spx_5͗uǮ)j_g-&!ЕpÕ8@ ׮჎zA" 樷jz+0kNo3YڷW˒ 4wTkWsnR.=ұc~n>;M'@@ v!5G6V9q#=&MN7 A,ɓ1> 8r'm戂o׹o\7s,zYJ km4+H4C@ YRU^Tm|~M!㭀$3 n/ H+WOjj-6!Bswg3hx ;}"Yf=+;/ 3n}PU*~ KԷ6ǐϊ@^Át7!UFG-@oaGLO}q>ϝA=p[#/\ Ҍ4f`qEfB(D/Ӳ-@P]~Tyق֓r\"QA~i\$庬J) PG%& 0DLBFC{HsX[Zqo<땢ˑ{U%ɼrVãw\s\c#v1\gpCy|9"@V EFO~㭀x|1cSe<NJ@D^ ^q &VmCo )Q^os%/=ٵ B(@🌽N@ i/+a_ȶdewE2x+! IAR}@ &"@ kQK ۬Ci L*horr[9hiZ[@e`ų07i;x}O!WÆ_!'8R, 7{=m'{BVyLcxPz+p@&)Bq@bMYn sۇj · @ t\0T+%ׯ 5JD`b=+_xk ѮuFψ+'4D"ЩB[]ҤnZu)FmSUjx/pt(g`  6B]~c|1cSƊꆠ`"Uw(h }xŸE//ˏT {!2 }CrnO> V@]T+P Gy+ I|w~lN;qF{^$j `sꭀ+ >)zP-'7U-S7jmR3>@%{l{tu٭6t~ XzEdo 1;TRuwddB($ @ ;9&.NQ{WjXWca=_.~-\̬Tp!1}jf 'Kd[on{"ׄ= );c 47b46mZdLgRÃMAvoy+_uU$+4d\z٫^,[QM{yޥ $ߩ%Z IDATZ7MkƉ^3vL{5'e㓟ȿc|ao `U8LkfERtgܢke.,)S{Uv,s/yV4 pK@/ ecϐ v=W{=;z>^X;"&jx^[58/?bt  q ۷S6ɹ*@dk?{\"T;*D{^$uX@HUq{IiUcxNxa`X#.^ov+PTv _ 09w\^+8uiQu!B@Tc BT![=| 2~B1W@- Iwde.5gtMZj+/!m@ R,,0x#P/nȹO/2vUϟ;?G52Ii~+"cr鲜?.ÏIySh ϥKͼ#RJ@v9)R|s󿋜9o)pK6>2fl,po &TI[AW::ԛ)LZ$y^:zYeBl4{=97kVT{<E{^ @ S}M!yZdLDO}<^k͆Goz~kPقIO筀]~^"SnЎ$0?7@ɶ}ejxO ˻2"3J*A " OgSjtNcȐ靈 pIrrj3 ME|Zq jUx㿩љI'9Ly~.W }j<S{_ph;;C\7>zcvz+/F`$0b@ !B 2j/09UӝǿE=aO)=kFyw H'&˥ BM]FzQ퓏䓏:v~Wo J]*cƍUƕHB]GO1ـdV(WJJټgh?# Ie8ߞ.yYoL22|&5`ߜ^&&sr=!pׯ^U)^Ǜ\*!0z)---7'Ϟnz ڷW˒ e*8}=.&uԔo&]F{-@@W.osMUsa15_A:JG2CyvPڂ *n;/ISvJT8|__~ ߕm7za#ycM,]nŹ: vG}8nӉzwt:%qivHv\!-?0u"*@ # `N.f@ ҲPeiNp,!@on * ='ou[wwK_cƦ VP(dW~;2aD1$Vv [@[ TGՋOB$y#/e %=!?{?eab#?v KO@8iz#ݐw ⥎A:ДXd/zWXYV߲]G@)[{C͚ `addBH]!Ǐ6K՗>Ґz" N^W@8|K:+*w/u-0}F#~sW@ '~QC@b)'{D AeN7nޓ+9VߕdƜY!8+ [+ & \<(\Np\2䌌sa!cv KyÛre܄nGWW@H2!5dK PC|ݢ M %oɾ.oBՕXE*=E=@ ꭀ#]@Vvܽ(׽ CG 9myƿWLf| FS4%<8 @$08xS-,c,0S~p't?sq-$;EO>ӍϏCw/ɒɒC60QDLB@._rR{`Bof I\}caBn.&M}"oRى@2 'SoV@,&pKjzP!s[n'd(!<%-Z'z"18M@@QO\2.x<Tݛ7Y^>x_&]HKKQ7f$[cl$O?E^o:{Hv^j1" @,~+p>iRD{@m4Y\n|>?F+̋} fQk@V@wdv5Lg:RjmEjүzz?!-S0(gH=VzzoVe :XdLO>|MLX!`9uF@` KMˉZM19&WJޖlz}FW^@?GғjGLX8!*L%0Ia?&AR  v9$_;#cU/nNOS%E:z.C{Qw6Vg zc+R{X6%Oi1 a w;݌&18w@|Eeײַ\5@6v k.@"xʇJk`~/)jhϡ_rgġ 0ϵ@H:eͩ_5WC|Z毐*NNrLuUy 0 Z@@ \p8@ yY;hQJ,i)1J)vo9Gk]@@fCsryϫe;/]rn[v^lq'?zAp!=xo~U I*s?UOuͷ>bd[E$:xb=')Fb `Gu| {'s/uY-WOO^Uy&?Zlk;TOm@A@ 8@tF^WJk kVܞ~Zqwؑ3C Oܾf I$Х&^T fjM^G<^#X@bI zց^׾%٢.1\S@[  WAӌW&j ^-!fH 8*ϞOL֨2f%?G?R\UxebM?n `wޛz1ߵlKa-?q+KMaC)_xR6 m'tII pnxg௿y\mMh$~! ( S@sB*EzT =5[-Y_''Ksb#4 ?  y_od8zό!=_3իT>~aCM?z ~ +є2.-èGjyW?|qiYR0qjV| $ I#'F{Kߙ3A6~v|}z =9@[' @y|O-Uo>?ҝgN9|Cz^Kw  `Qs&|)lod)U Ee  @gX 腴ݣݗu]BZso[hGڄ1۫|46mXn(۷?+[E!⪋l="sD67/wȭ< [@{,j7o/45V#ñL<>iK>o괇@n ?)K6Utu]2'e2y]GoϝROPu=Re"eITW@ Q-j%xUY鿩_?ާQ+w37KDmB&S1dSy=Wbuo<}X>Mv:>zdY5a_@F\W?c%_MyGھVՁ1aW&g˯M~0 ( iYSwB|&_ټ'vVkmTJɲjٴه$@ZDkZEzI9]p_z.U=^[.e_3}6@[1dێ zq̏F9Ԩr⠓{巿sA E KGֽh9  WGOjr;7.=32oT6lL?/vs$$@ ֓r\R,?[ yf׮ݏ h?*?]1ipz- s})9r׉ZmZf3n[ ɟMǝ:Q|3lf46}8'E Is\pcΝS>= z7.zA&r蛀]NgN[jߝX #U U kȏ^tey. Waq0/ tt\~R:-ƓB6w*Pwq Ae5AWo3B~{}acz~AZaz] Qh.`:3}7e>灮O'*/xFMy3w::)gF]Z/+hed .tjϺλܯ?;_(t5 D.`1GP&"rz|@bk2 \TX BjHQS@Zm(~eJ+W}Zp'$JF P7lLޔS]N\%Ӳ&jWL7s!PfT- 9G(P@T&b u޸Q\ O-p1,V'߱r] kߩp5!Rk-uQQz4!yh;XKȇoHʁ q}7Tξ!ǿM+xrY;Z I*`~A[ud'ff9LΣ# } CV26tLcE_ EYu ұoǹU#H! 8A~SO=;?3#]ԓ:z2 )u^Jʩ?lXA!?~ / Q ܜ<{: 6Z`_TՄ7K4&/(ƿkpg/IiupɉxyL677>l\sJ:j_'o´'>T@o\?#'{ɯ/5._o|R):;y9L<'  =Y]C~7h:X_}c3 ?ߎsA@ vw_SsKsl[bqRft;޵6l'2H-vZ3,x%r-Ѯ9&3 IDATG@@|*=cOs#;&?.o}F hb c:hd,JV]mC۰SiXO@gٹ18(i:ss(@^{sg]I{uJ\߯ x$Y1pjHװupl2R}&A qo$~y}4\{;)#Kj\ז.k/%D@z_!?~dA'ʧF%*k{)YOJ wbM=iwV)V7MMkt5DV' 5T &ޑ^~b }) @ hs]έ\Wy<7=v#5LG\|XRqpRwZT@N?7o2x  g8S<vxQc!5+C&ߵf}3@@ ys tq2Ǹ3~u|`g7~CxT4u;q]j+E@vaڇ@ ?:/+>9$-5KtJsDS9s]ly~1\S@@ ^,"`!O;oJ?UVիweICq<,~P&gZT@=-GЫm׍q?U)8]CxV%?*CJMܦeo  PgQUbQ7~JyU{ҙ] ?67P{r&ʉy˥O{@@ vQ{ t]u\*;OcóMR̨tW9~@ z}F*܅fsT5,h3>65Ys{l?l  `oۻi] ɧգsr&캶[߻s?n_(?H" K'. `Q!qY.L.}vAntuɄe܄qÛJE!pA@@L+NV㉩7;Zwu lMv:"zdyLT-/%@ @E{%  Rp!?؃E  !>Zvz,ؼH|k{+k:hӲfXh \ %`›-DC~_<ϬR X_ _|eIV,v5n~k}J_@o&n@aEўg>y xϐZ M *  @[q$   tQy@@ ߊ#@@#  V  -}T@@÷H@@,-@o  /@G"  `iKwG@@ |8@@K [<   oő  XZG@@_?|+D@@>*  @[q$   tQy@@ ߊ#@@#  V  -}T@@÷H@@,-@o  /@G"  `iKwG@@ |8@@K [<   oő  XZG@@_?|+D@@>*  @[q$   tQy@@ ߊ#@@#  V  -}T@@÷H@@,-`j߾Z էZv_e RvFR_=kP+ā  $)k/l^+^6*"YR}y@6mc?# $@ɦF;_6I_qdݫҐ<}KK@@H_ yfWw?&sqUIkY B@@ ,sMUzX}f&p8@@f I{؎3]&n &-xxoޣ9  D `;n^u 9)  ,;Pcl|Y{ )RA/P3؋  ],@擬  .`_윧n<1S>=  GR^,ɿ;hDۧi   ZR+V S3-.y޷c]@+#[5ط~F@@ 럔G!W~+^ iYg_?  07om&)bZj%+z.հ]Vw>tXjC[՜TE;7pA@@6۫@r+!  "@o #   G@@SMa@@_?"  `)  @ '~QC@@L 7B@@H|#j  )0R  /@}D @@0EF A@@ !  H!  $5D@@S)@@ O>  "@o #   G@@SMa@@_?"  `)  @ '~QC@@L 7B@@H|#j  )0R  /@}D @@0EF A@@ !  H!  $5D@@S)@@ O>  "@o #   G@@SMa@@_?"  `)  @ '~QC@@L 7B@@H|SR>ղ5Ʒ,g J(@@,+`J߰/p&|#۩>Gdsr)B)]  Fzgaԓ'MD_W,Hmƍ$hϋƔ  %L --.&;k7J*c#˼K*ǪWuRy1U@@MoJ)--HT_M|G{%@@ $TS2)9Uihϳq4@@ $V9aT UcM=^  L 6imWh Z  =*o1$ēO6<{t @@@ \p>:3KA@@ gO Tt=$l@ўa> p  & $аV5 oG{^ف  }(w~sg*h |   `G =7}NYT{;ٱCi  *d/z*RzV˼wF{%@@ $V/E[ ݯfoz2pӲfўg㞥i  HqE K}5ˡ"ue~Y_Qȡ>O]G{  60%gjYGefվNV\(yR e+uEA @@$_Mzf   Da?A..@@]  Qs!@@FWIDATt:  #&@?b\@@ ]  5B@@`tGן#  0b#Fͅ@@]  Qs!@@FWt:  #&@?b\@@ ]MdR/5lF[NӓѴ'оZl8 P2 -MN&,v(\ Gds][H@ 4zdyڍ@\<p@ [Oת#n]a( @uCJݼlhCWNuJ?7#K N 0Lz݇uv+:;3/v] E1BhKVB%t,Zd#l!P?i^?4C9L4k_VߺԟҗqUPocCp{al=]1?j_^c˓8{7jww됝EzI=tËsHts,ïxÔDyLFm7/*4x_ltJY,)}ir;z[=[J3't<|E=*.[7#[dڠ!ToշW6O^3'7I-R9WTÍHK~)~(w@* d+EiUk' J uzLOZbl)Bna™3?i^ONOoׂq`xRSW@CiJC-eKiOK 56d πš,$ꌫoU26: O-u Lf JEr Yʴ}wMӟҗ.S `H`φ$ S̕wn0'>r6T&4˥ r{Òtΰ$> %Yʴ}w<)C<5}%@uP :hdnq;ܓcΰL7ƾ0v`0I7*1&W&inut%TF4;s Ò ;u!@&ieOK@ɥKɰ Fj]I% q3E  L.&?s+qG1z{>S%wǼFЩt?3vw_ /+F@`JJiǥOKOn/M_MύWE@/Y W-Wsį3\ts0}*NdxOM~ͼz%xKU`27_5S5 j@8Ω]8˫M=@\2jj!BA_Lw=.Z )}iEJUX xR؋ d`O-E@@k:  Yhq,  5,@_ÍGkX Xձ"\5|T@, Q p7jsʻͩmN*JW^Z  ۏaPC@@V2 @@A)@@[mm  aà   B@@aPC@@V[[z!  `X0(!  `-C@@0,@o@@U֖^   7 Jq  *@okP/@@ 8@@l e   R   2 @@A)@@[mm  aà   B@@aPC@@V[[z!  `X0(!  `-C@@0,@o@@U֖^   7 Jq  *@okP/@@ 83òamwX֫scrl0;$g$҇VXBߊf P{^pune3:+#/L&`k-EűL߲: P+reJwTz6ɡk󳋲6svVP@p걘+s. K5@` 4o{wpgMeG%ƮHc%Si= b `UAe@@l)@@j*  @gK @ 0㦯tӂl2=MwYH;Y8_3lRV&v ҩ&y_0ja/Az*@X| @:w?]JNm~J678+g?-6ʱp?;rw]z7>)6|)8\yj(L2tx'@tlmzfiV / ö˩rYNfU}}n2ߢ:ϻ\>|M|@>Mr_CwNvx'[K]-Wg딬*uBmlpOˍ`=]} E5UAdS{G~Ͽ8;ׯ[^|巟/߾o|Gӟ|evTy~PAuGEtN mrvTjۈLJN3IgW:~~斴 =0΋tm#~O_j;;s✼=GF?U8k1P&-a*PPtHz$&@Fl`l+^ՅWW { t\}pLC_qjי~Cz;;T>faX[7ߤ<7'cD}(w//O7WH&inulzf.zR-4ɍqӴN\hљQ} zb *L@~i<kjyq=W_|m`/>$#__lF}3+q=DGdkKr@jϔzۇ_G;Bod>}aDd>&ӷ7ȏ~Yrnϣ]{'Um K(@\ *w9{+e:#L,xDʕ?$7-U2?L e;p\>onۊyNVS|Vg;9VsZz*lγ/V`Żp Pors PECTҫȶv{MƝ[wXOї*>5u"\P+ gXRٕ\Wu.#@}G;s ~vl|zB]uS;?=v1w3oqy MzR0J KnmrrBg+G I࿞Z{E%h}^~{{?4[v/?XjQiAO pyWw%3o*П? P1,ӹ9Lxei8欏+8_QyݜAXvPJ<nx>[[2.Y^uTA #zɛ4 ωzaT6 ?ũtyȗXCv[U୿T}%̖QM.Nu:'7;0*Mwcw:;#zZ;!:؊~+G@SQWU\@ Uzu'iX5=<|dq!tF ڄkind]:~q_![`d|29Ճ , ! @utQu]g`QPVTEa?@0//3 M+%"6 @;ٷ-UTy) , a "ɾiYΤy# "@ZܫOgKr2W 'c79K5N) `~-o  XlK~* # [8T @@ 1IY  X,@oqP5@@L Ԥ,@@, q  &MjR   [8T @@&5) @@-n  I  7UC@@IMB@@b!  `Rߤ&e!  `ōC@@0)@oR@@Xơj   7IY  X,-1kXxIENDB`  PUSQdkYkHrh7h_   j  NrRrR Rectangle 3T N[  8USQdkYkHre,g7h_ ,{N~ ,{ N~ ,{V~ ,{N~ F       [ nz   ZrRrR Rectangle 4"PK N@drs/PKN@l0drs/downrev.xmlEMO0 H[JT&4ФcnqjM%>= 7zřBSp?@\ bB(j9[`UtާV0RXg~ Ƿchxaeeb@kCq?Zu|=iN><7JHtMj}(~;t˜((`?f,gVPKN@פdrs/shapexml.xmlT[n6/=-<{ p#,5*I~vAwȴ̏uisṏZp^Z݀a-yޔ)F bC: ^K{s~sg=*9EUZspꚅYռ+,)VD$*Ky& BiWҿ@ u+0RCBTuA3H`<'@'WT [6$ނ-̃$B%'Ț)t׀h.>KVQ|ٲ_<D_nv̕;+:ͯU^ S,c)Cs*L "Uol[u+wmrjPI`@]%pqbbvTɣ)J=2ڑo;+硊[%8Iik&BY0zM ٩iUЋ“'#V3Z^=2-VIs^K]/??@ @lqA݊]CiǞ֥PK N@_rels/PKN@\&( _rels/.relsj1 @h_B֐BWaLΖ5yB/dˠA 0xM e`J FG2p%}iRdITD10Z)4(I9`mtB{ƁmtπnTg 險,ܗr>j1W*@ŀӚZO#KOiPKN@Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPKN@Zf [Content_Types].xmlPK N@_rels/PKN@\&(  _rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@l0 "drs/downrev.xmlPKN@פ drs/shapexml.xmlPK[]Td  JC  @   ZrRrR Rectangle 5"PK N@drs/PKN@rdrs/downrev.xmlEMO0 Hw تe MpM+4nqJߓq׶Wbur8PֳAxmSX@ĄL aZ`tS'2c LJC%el 9?[Ôcxp˲(C˹@φ}=:k7-a9ݼU DS}vzٷ/`c [!_uv*9\r PKN@}Ndrs/shapexml.xmlT[n7/= id)[!X(È)k >G9#KN ?>Ϲ~׊lҚfm!sN2((Qp?Nl2FWwWwspdi5Ȕ5 y'/)VD*096An OD̺y%#7~tlaC*]e:e5sc2)0 {܉[ӓ-wu3W]+^Àb4 ͩ0/+ t>V (`T g    X   Word.Document.12X   Word.Document.12b/ 0DArialD[SO DWingdings0DTimes New Roman@D[SOPDArial"`DўSO1pDwiSO_GB23121DWingdingsDCalibri"DTimes New RomanDWingdingsDCalibriDe[SOD_oŖўD[SOD[SODe[SO D_oŖў a  @d" dd@o  @@`` ( 8}dO"$FcUCq"$jK趩rI"$>].q R$b$nyzq9>#PK N@drs/PK N@drs/slideMasters/PKN@Bz&!drs/slideMasters/slideMaster1.xmlZKn0n Ǣd}lXYAeVBQ|U]=@/Ptӣ=:h[RSBrH̛q1d=M :(Q't}r GEzhFSt8x㕘1j`=⡩qN) IzŔ8JB"d%LmIZ>~rI(#N8[ױ'43#  }c FpE_Փ:] i`3~f㈋lՐiS' L= vih,^Fhpf`]WD,e%G%V@j, ,,c›r&QR$Ҁ*wRxJCh4^!9}.Wā$ П$7S%/~~-2 ZؘSJ^`64lа5$ak4H !$YˁKWOq. &{[#A"Hp$tqӐ,W$K`aac,H  cABaUŽa4UZ1m,#Pzj-+91 >j $Yߟ"%bފ-SEG(Ϊ*^3@ٸaP1nhYItLTTŰWSh쳋էm9>4ɥܫ PK N@_rels/PKN@*8 _rels/.rels 0DnzЃXmlo0of5OIw AN{cݠv=m 838yG 6U} ShLq`L)d=Ҍ\@.;3, ;$e͂): vq}j:zɥ'k茜(f,ƁXA6\m>PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0H+r@%r(0r&7yܪ}{&i*T8f;L6VT-{V~n^{)@ŀ< uw}l IvVNLTL3pG|ﴉ`(UoȮy=J2:88Z )9kR /Ju"(\fhnX soiɶGgϤqsJ8 `ֳ'*e$ ީ3/zPKN@ r[Content_Types].xmlPK N@n_rels/PKN@*8  _rels/.relsPK N@drs/PK N@"drs/slideMasters/PKN@Bz&! Qdrs/slideMasters/slideMaster1.xmlPKn (    NrRrR Rectangle 2+ T N[C;­n@\`^]%pqcCbvĥQy%jNwKgm툷 _UH;[Voft51Mg'*''bGf gZ* 3+Hݗ^&jxˆvsqVݾ:Ky0}}/PK N@_rels/PKN@\&( _rels/.relsj1 @h_B֐BWaLΖ5yB/dˠA 0xM e`J FG2p%}iRdITD10Z)4(I9`mtB{ƁmtπnTg 險,ܗr>j1W*@ŀӚZO#KOiPKN@Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPKN@Zf [Content_Types].xmlPK N@_rels/PKN@\&(  _rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@r "drs/downrev.xmlPKN@}N drs/shapexml.xmlPK[]7d   LC  @  ZrRrR Rectangle 6"PK N@drs/PKN@-44drs/downrev.xmlEn0 xwHUMIlݼm*$iͿ볾d;1Rw gr׭k|DL4vޑ3EX&wK,?-XR_H+C丫}8FGNγQZl0ӛj_fxyZs|=SD _`F5w5gV j1W*@ŀӚZO#KOiPKN@Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPKN@Zf A[Content_Types].xmlPK N@(_rels/PKN@\&(  L_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@-44 "drs/downrev.xmlPKN@7~Y drs/shapexml.xmlPK[i]x< Nd  n* CC  * 3 ? ̙33PK N@theme/PK N@ theme/theme/PKN@ky}theme/theme/themeManager.xml M @}w7c(EbˮCAǠҟ7՛K Y, e.|,H,lxɴIsQ}#Ր ֵ+!,^$j=GW)E+& 8PKN@?wk &3theme/theme/theme1.xml[]n~;|ט"?c4 "-9_H A9@dkb%8q"`ǑvE&c5?qS/L6cEgkEEiп_geǾ'9AYfgg ݬxf~i3/gw7L,Lt-a1_lN;(_"S_LnHS䛕-ƺA3v.IލyDenhU#0؆8fQk8S"MAFěd27"q~ޜ:_" 0iP;Y,dF%x Xb&O^>K0ʇ_3:BiWiFp !>X;ݤI߭סa-ˇȿ(H E:9B_!, )mrFhyZ>,e2P`FвR^8({r!xUzņ`!Y/˥:6uj]U]+\AiZ_DE<_ݴQ$}8 IVF!/#Շ '%V)CZQRghwc}3{l!fA3E5m e(I;kj1a%dyQXpנ[G=PKM{ϐ3bRUuczPweih_10?* rSD/XGm-58XL[D2''Wdo5`n{e=*Jݍ`>.9c= (ȡޢAtt"-<[n*hy r߿DwYW.R2"[d\Gu-Wh"=?@jENoJ r/׮|8aRjFV>yz\DƮ̲%*`Z* LjyjICgUe 4/hW^W[5X#"3p/<4 s΄jEuZEʨ q(%;TvU)X|Ie +}U } QZ˅ "{zmw \["&l[ywZ Rs EʢZ>n7~J[*OX [}"CTlCE'*/Y1{8P<&i%7OG]F70;d;) қl:%7`dK@r(/Adlh\Q#L<$&/#șBPĽ-؟c4!Ypu?J \@v. *@p/!Җu͎ C;YMl/.&nT_>W u8҄#Z>#q 'm4x[hE7$]RK aK&fQO:aa K'>9IR,H-e'- K7X80ެwþ]))Pkm3lSjܗ6%{_>o-0bU*ԛ9L[Nq%z.Ƴ:Niپs1</@T5;ObcFěf0BODy.6s/Bpss1Ø\ Xiب`~\ iMw&B1Z=xPu#MX)@GbnMp4{yM tA9[p!\$ $P" vKVv\%%2m aFvQׇ|"kvXx)-Ş%g/A.2P b\Z^RBW=.} *ZG҈方܀a7)q~Fěbl2bL:t7 Auy‚BmW*`GRlb.KU(Hvga>pA *Y9Q `?Cs]7zb$xu-lV{9>DVNj,5(Bȥszҕhhs0U~,}2ToF0,į*=댬o[gv; 9'33y ; oOPKN@ $ ] [Content_Types].xmlPK N@2 _rels/PKN@֧6  V _rels/.relsPK N@theme/PK N@ $theme/theme/PK N@9 theme/theme/_rels/PKN@ ѐ' i theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsPKN@?wk &3 theme/theme/theme1.xmlPKN@ky} Ntheme/theme/themeManager.xmlPK ?: PK N@drs/PK N@drs/slideLayouts/PKN@uT~P\Y !drs/slideLayouts/slideLayout1.xmlMo0H|(-omFm'/Utn;rCB;LvE;"o`);0K؏~Oܙ6Ōǔtk5LBdm"J(-}~<:hN'Bjc!0x8)4H+C&mxvt8CCN8xInCQ$V", +IBחϋ      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~7#ͳ} $,g=Fu=őu(+0x0>*I( Yn6Ctl.a LhanZ F9d ,H+d jZ<vthx5BA;)i.Y؝4gc-wS(ؾ2TW2CJkgy\f1նVͭ"E㺶J<9= 1,WfCAE_LNER"%#( q>'$ Exkk(A_ !`CiQ:TM0na[^|\],-ޮ.?ay~:~+<|o 3_yD=;"ŀ*%ʝQ%L_WWdT6[5Gm;^aӕQjgLӑY:4V2M,i1;:pu9tỨr۩,{ê=Z@gkX-dz܊D)+DD)h>XmS+DTFb !J\Ue$ 6ݺWUQJ ~~kGyS@TiZٮj +:nB$PK N@_rels/PKN@p8ܸ8 _rels/.rels 0Dnz x%ٶ6 (тqLݾQ(NAU ioo'tGHL m^W16 AJMȅ8a22~`Or[;,lij@搛}YMGBh ]pϔ{J Loc!"rPKN@M[Content_Types].xml}N0 EHC-jaj; +,Kq:=ig ,?ϵYD&oDzCwO-gkcg$./XQ{jsԈHt䒦AFP0skfx(壓8?.C(ũ{R(Mb˳7{-IF#{_R'dK0FFjr'"&@_'PKN@M [Content_Types].xmlPK N@_rels/PKN@p8ܸ8  _rels/.relsPK N@drs/PK N@"drs/slideLayouts/PKN@uT~P\Y ! Qdrs/slideLayouts/slideLayout1.xmlPKn PK N@drs/PK N@drs/slideLayouts/PKN@r !drs/slideLayouts/slideLayout1.xmlVN17a3]sqLwg6mwV(1!zꥊ03d!f?|9wVg:)E*U&?aƜ*zCy,ܝ+(MxB厨r//^X#Œ 2Wi}RQqfD]9p'dF4\J"=`gWJFR"E3ʵHʈU?UI*էSңvh|uLaq%'L"6g@!H)0ԖRir :l6%EAT3/t|~^wμ}k-`aߑ 2ywFtT>: AFPK N@_rels/PKN@p8ܸ8 _rels/.rels 0Dnz x%ٶ6 (тqLݾQ(NAU ioo'tGHL m^W16 AJMȅ8a22~`Or[;,lij@搛}YMGBh ]pϔ{J Loc!"rPKN@M[Content_Types].xml}N0 EHC-jaj; +,Kq:=ig ,?ϵYD&oDzCwO-gkcg$./XQ{jsԈHt䒦AFP0skfx(壓8?.C(ũ{R(Mb˳7{-IF#{_R'dK0FFjr'"&@_'PKN@M .[Content_Types].xmlPK N@)_rels/PKN@p8ܸ8  M_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PK N@"drs/slideLayouts/PKN@ʙ ! Qdrs/slideLayouts/slideLayout1.xmlPKnU@PK N@drs/PK N@drs/slideLayouts/PKN@&!drs/slideLayouts/slideLayout1.xmlXNA76{.†(  0Nievf33kI$D ^CRDiho(؛vw曳s;s;3>Q U\`ڶ0YP9{~m h8gװ'oG ei *qVr=d2˭rL$CTґ+<چ/KȫyG,UXM ᪴?iK3~~t|fpQ ;JXިPI:ːkj~rcK¢ SƔcMG%+$8ŝc':d. j׍#Bd`Mr:nw"l$mG: R[x409m[)|Ami^^襬a6+$$diyƗx;_뇛;B7,¬ ,(LPƹscr/b2%"Ed焨gpIgGGԔNɌe ;dFiZFŪPfI8U|)c-xt;`3XPT[9uN; k5fa ݰرn̤9NL`AL7!Am5]]ڒeEsoeUd9 Gh_V!=:G0 5"CPMdhɢ:"ɺ%.v*È'8h*y22mWFBjajh*#,C kPF#6Gu aG(hg>Ub>"AUD07?PK N@_rels/PKN@p8ܸ8 _rels/.rels 0Dnz x%ٶ6 (тqLݾQ(NAU ioo'tGHL m^W16 AJMȅ8a22~`Or[;,lij@搛}YMGBh ]pϔ{J Loc!"rPKN@M[Content_Types].xml}N0 EHC-jaj; +,Kq:=ig ,?ϵYD&oDzCwO-gkcg$./XQ{jsԈHt䒦AFP0skfx(壓8?.C(ũ{R(Mb˳7{-IF#{_R'dK0FFjr'"&@_'PKN@M I[Content_Types].xmlPK N@D_rels/PKN@p8ܸ8  h_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PK N@"drs/slideLayouts/PKN@&! Qdrs/slideLayouts/slideLayout1.xmlPKnpPu PK N@drs/PK N@drs/slideLayouts/PKN@^k5"!drs/slideLayouts/slideLayout1.xmlZnF}/ H",{yqmr>`ERJҲ^5iP }0}qǶn/:;)Z*0`ٝ33+ny0tx-QSǷ{{m'ķNK;x;ۡ.lj~lOЬbx$zA>FG5;"'5^kb|TXu9~H"% a2la@O/CmrOgh% :-ă g^a8?8 ;AA$ lpXKo0 G^䵷 +!Z"8lLCtF`Vv/Zk S'oNaN!{hz~? S K`9v~,r6Gt+ Iq&c'|ޕՙ%hƢKuכq3C3cQ718$c,b;OV]<<^~{ %1Β0}7]BAkgOgߺס CAGA= Kv\oߞN~9{fa1y6ؙ@F8}@"Ya,&_G` W޲Ptꟳ/:LT b5.?/,\& %4|˄}b@|@̇B9G]oCfC=H,AKUjI4h8ih1BUk@u)ÊrJW2֦eX%㺭*eU3VIiHzYcrXʕj9ZC6ІR֢+3ZY6[riYKRF*=rFFK9˻l"PյZ.\(7!Mfm.MU ,zU3&_5,g( }Ҍθ頃;h BͺjŔ!Pu4L@ŵ+`ȅ;5 /!U{Rc9\8Wb9\ Wb9\Vb9\Vb9L[ՊB{vqquMT8ahox> CIMo#%% KJ; %76Wr@{]Jd*b@wuRb|@+nHP}GC4sNQdY JsTn"J BBD\&&^i .]Mb,׶eӷaӆ[ *u|*EEI=:۳H ߮~| "F'>Qh`a+?_ዖ ejab,Y(*V KGXmdVMo =3:֍Jw*H**TJzWJXr۳D*KZK&eu:#RAoOBcT^]#º"kD8Itw,㡸SYg4=iaJ5xa53J=mF6m冫Ïŧ>^WWh}uuqqغM\&30Ne@Zv j~@ Y^Ei O h)$lrZU~IF&<[ R=ĢM |Т›}yïPK N@_rels/PKN@p8ܸ8 _rels/.rels 0Dnz x%ٶ6 (тqLݾQ(NAU ioo'tGHL m^W16 AJMȅ8a22~`Or[;,lij@搛}YMGBh ]pϔ{J Loc!"rPKN@M[Content_Types].xml}N0 EHC-jaj; +,Kq:=ig ,?ϵYD&oDzCwO-gkcg$./XQ{jsԈHt䒦AFP0skfx(壓8?.C(ũ{R(Mb˳7{-IF#{_R'dK0FFjr'"&@_'PKN@M [Content_Types].xmlPK N@_rels/PKN@p8ܸ8  _rels/.relsPK N@drs/PK N@"drs/slideLayouts/PKN@N-Iq! Qdrs/slideLayouts/slideLayout1.xmlPKnPK N@drs/PK N@drs/slideLayouts/PKN@{S=w!drs/slideLayouts/slideLayout1.xmlXnF?;%KA>6cDHbcU:NQ $ #ҍ.iƒڿ-r%;#᝹\aiatFUׂK0mwv>Yst-g$I&AK~{뙛G&{LGJ%ALi$KiL~݊OJZ*1 OWz|z{q0IB0ğ,Wl*l rЈ!Qզw&`t ʽNk qa՗;yprv d):6T }R+ō&~&aP)MULh^'.6Ctlbq!9Z*O_6ϬpƗҦsc 'QOlj Ca׹ow%K}{́ńnZ8! ݽ-KƜmnc2n267-J|sdY a7gUJ3aJÝJQWCjQi +Y(gE^<*8 d|{g9JS:R؄!,%NVdB!.e"A8PK N@_rels/PKN@p8ܸ8 _rels/.rels 0Dnz x%ٶ6 (тqLݾQ(NAU ioo'tGHL m^W16 AJMȅ8a22~`Or[;,lij@搛}YMGBh ]pϔ{J Loc!"rPKN@M[Content_Types].xml}N0 EHC-jaj; +,Kq:=ig ,?ϵYD&oDzCwO-gkcg$./XQ{jsԈHt䒦AFP0skfx(壓8?.C(ũ{R(Mb˳7{-IF#{_R'dK0FFjr'"&@_'PKN@M [Content_Types].xmlPK N@_rels/PKN@p8ܸ8  +_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PK N@"drs/slideLayouts/PKN@{S=w! Qdrs/slideLayouts/slideLayout1.xmlPKn3 PK N@drs/PK N@drs/slideLayouts/PKN@rМ!drs/slideLayouts/slideLayout1.xmlXnF;D~`9Hܦ-:F}뗗-M١ C EʉGbW5;aR j+ˏ $֝E*a]p39"3fX \c]+;X<8gUbj"B&e~L!vRpZa?;&tvfb\'n^jRNѪWBכ:FMzN1YW9f!! )po+XWzS&8HnOz.09,^~a[p!Ewlrr낏&Ús2wᑺO\n=` R1MA|)O 6i]w/ξ8O?z__|v _.Դ[{4%&c*8(8djϮiPE lD&(.St6Ta(UFM/ض[.IՉB+g< Quٚxhi8Bx^A, bKmWnߦQ,`k P6D .mT^Q,`g p0(zY7 PCW}h!@͐^tVicY_UǴtE@t,1Ht.$yڙ2/xL%a)9>i@VM iiŧݿPK N@_rels/PKN@p8ܸ8 _rels/.rels 0Dnz x%ٶ6 (тqLݾQ(NAU ioo'tGHL m^W16 AJMȅ8a22~`Or[;,lij@搛}YMGBh ]pϔ{J Loc!"rPKN@M[Content_Types].xml}N0 EHC-jaj; +,Kq:=ig ,?ϵYD&oDzCwO-gkcg$./XQ{jsԈHt䒦AFP0skfx(壓8?.C(ũ{R(Mb˳7{-IF#{_R'dK0FFjr'"&@_'PKN@M 1[Content_Types].xmlPK N@,_rels/PKN@p8ܸ8  P_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PK N@"drs/slideLayouts/PKN@rМ! Qdrs/slideLayouts/slideLayout1.xmlPKnXPK N@drs/PK N@drs/slideLayouts/PKN@ !drs/slideLayouts/slideLayout1.xmlVO1?4c&K\6.x/3 i˸d%a5]M@ уK#(Ņ[cW1҆0iӕJ,%mb`p2n#}AD I9Յjx";f/&zu^zC+1&QHMM*ƭyK-!ZHYhaTI\Ѓ '1o_kwAnpNZ.(J;On+YU%Ub'r77ޡ+%CNP}"ӖAAf Asߠyo`:aϕf2~eh`(cM3HǬ5fsIfy2Q0e_NLۖ%x;#65fԑ,$k@/?L2bkAslf#̬S>Xe15c3(\VvOtppQtI c@&(D'ڋ+ M?B?v;ASBVq Aw מ/B=xN,a9:Wӓ3:TZvb{;kÝQ zC16tcL],Y# FIjaM_+Fib.Yu)#'nXP1b |1q eZwM.JI%_H$hi"Nh[Ȫ/2IjBڞ7`&c!n%! o7>֞+vzv6Qh*39|O!`b`_)Cj}1ANr;!,Y@dK] ;)kݣQ>{[uu*Yvp(@4 RdH!;a DQ/!)]2`Pksg bSՑ)4BP^Tx ]; !cc̸gv0=N.kUl.ӺB~eנGl`^KUܡHJnp!+]c2r2Xv1-v8LX5 @NwBG+p DYE?Ag!B9 2nl[ߞ>v+xiX_Kzs{gڋ"zL 4Dǝ̓;d+O&OP7 eFrL>gz3t~,":W@諠}FVАnpzLйs>{{tar^j).6xcR^S8g>mQ}8m#~$Sz(G& #(PK N@_rels/PKN@p8ܸ8 _rels/.rels 0Dnz x%ٶ6 (тqLݾQ(NAU ioo'tGHL m^W16 AJMȅ8a22~`Or[;,lij@搛}YMGBh ]pϔ{J Loc!"rPKN@M[Content_Types].xml}N0 EHC-jaj; +,Kq:=ig ,?ϵYD&oDzCwO-gkcg$./XQ{jsԈHt䒦AFP0skfx(壓8?.C(ũ{R(Mb˳7{-IF#{_R'dK0FFjr'"&@_'PKN@M [Content_Types].xmlPK N@_rels/PKN@p8ܸ8  _rels/.relsPK N@drs/PK N@"drs/slideLayouts/PKN@H9 ! Qdrs/slideLayouts/slideLayout1.xmlPKn U\?z-5 %% n%(  \   Z0e0e Rectangle 2"hbPK N@drs/PKN@.Bdrs/downrev.xmlEAK0!UܴE݃Av^g6$%ߛq<Ƿ/fA;o2l;Dd2ۛ-UͶK{ 6T08URn`Ca&wvPL4'ee4mZh⧁ cyMR698F;HoB=d|O6}O.'U-f#PFAus铈rR1mX,E$IoQr2d`#IN‡Oy)f ZöP%11j-FiJ[18@z;LXm  鮎Xؕ_ SB/bW8Ɣ? X:{?Uwb}9ő/HBP9 5`pVK`169a Q+5BhqWZrJZ,6@G[]kv7uݠ]u3_]^> +M.?Xh)}^bmeFUO7v^:Ѭq}X$ZG:[hBC_PK N@_rels/PKN@\&( _rels/.relsj1 @h_B֐BWaLΖ5yB/dˠA 0xM e`J FG2p%}iRdITD10Z)4(I9`mtB{ƁmtπnTg 險,ܗr>j1W*@ŀӚZO#KOiPKN@Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPKN@Zf [Content_Types].xmlPK N@_rels/PKN@\&(  _rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@.B "drs/downrev.xmlPKN@udh drs/shapexml.xmlPK[P    J   @h   Z0e0e Rectangle 3"rlPK N@drs/PKN@YXEdrs/downrev.xmlEN0EH5[DT(nH,X40iƱ2=Y 7y1v,+EiǑ{j*x? ^ BJuu=|got!W,ZA]1PKN@ѐmrdrs/shapexml.xmlU[n6/=-<e2H\dZ 8"|$v=XGt:܇kEyiMNwJᶔ5^G7Lɔ5"釻{}CliB3=fmNW:nHt2k& 탰o R:woJr*l;8ibG3L <'.)MaO AV#1z\[I*O #Xӫ۸j G,"!oe7l /mOY{_ڢ](F&~~jXaLb Tѧ5@ez?֣SQNۜ7O'7XHcId#\J ۥkc^NOשb^<y72ipA2r9/Al/Q6v'ڌĹeIgtp}sPK N@_rels/PKN@\&( _rels/.relsj1 @h_B֐BWaLΖ5yB/dˠA 0xM e`J FG2p%}iRdITD10Z)4(I9`mtB{ƁmtπnTg 險,ܗr>j1W*@ŀӚZO#KOiPKN@Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPKN@Zf [Content_Types].xmlPK N@_rels/PKN@\&(  _rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@YXE "drs/downrev.xmlPKN@ѐmr drs/shapexml.xmlPK[    L   @f   Z0e0e Rectangle 4"rlPK N@drs/PKN@L4drs/downrev.xmlE]O1EMͼKw0@&$:lm#,ʋsܜ|p:pLmž T ˋ)U&kiTT+SmQ}Bt$6:=.v`zq.jPݼ 俷}廧6fEI8"d3 L/PKN@7r_qdrs/shapexml.xmlTknF_wXBʎMlN `9.V`wz]?{ޠi%mi?Yof;rٛg W)\O+B[vV(w< mۂ71tD# 7u">2H!b"rj@Y>o Ry#Z A,=/u~ݦ]{n홪 ~- 9xy֒-t0=IY9 ̺y-޻}# 3MST3Qab:zT;QCUcDBwj ?kg >bH ~]@-(%;h}3{$"*D*  lݽ:Ж ~}1H#QX  9M izUG2(e#g{H} $g_gV#ƙkʱvftjXQ ^r֋ˈ/"ənZ14r&$`z1vƧCbpXo;M|kvo~tI_e+$~֜a'(7#e[KX;MjD{\JD!.B[Yj&ShZD<[KۗY{[ǯ ڲ[jJ*~aXiplB .*OdЯfj+{KGӫ-u$qN, t,:ɟӓ׊Nnҭs5Ʉ_HV\"nDj^CtCc+9/Ȼ( T@@O=:x[EsFi<Iр2^t #O~59Myr0؉u8:霾\ PK N@_rels/PKN@\&( _rels/.relsj1 @h_B֐BWaLΖ5yB/dˠA 0xM e`J FG2p%}iRdITD10Z)4(I9`mtB{ƁmtπnTg 險,ܗr>j1W*@ŀӚZO#KOiPKN@Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPKN@Zf [Content_Types].xmlPK N@_rels/PKN@\&(  _rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@L4 "drs/downrev.xmlPKN@7r_q drs/shapexml.xmlPK[_P   J   @  Z0e0e Rectangle 5"PK N@drs/PKN@訠drs/downrev.xmlEN0EH5 j Du+xC]4=a9wՙ/ߩ#6P Pu-7$dL 9V6xEǵ4*C8Uh֩v1CO=J>cmSNL{l9/8Q}Xx/=|ݾJhގ> ]+vI(7k`VNᢘ@/~PKN@3Rdrs/shapexml.xmlTKn0n Œ,;%8(F>%*Jҟ =zަGi1.7&y3ͼ^ 6Z49)erz7FXTɄV5!^ZgJvawS">*~dp (1/3-*5kJǙ7I˖mnY-b rPSRVZf O`FL&(/iz52N4&Y4a<W(ӔC'9*l"ܟhj1W*@ŀӚZO#KOiPKN@Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPKN@Zf =[Content_Types].xmlPK N@$_rels/PKN@\&(  H_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@訠 "drs/downrev.xmlPKN@3R drs/shapexml.xmlPK[e_   n*     * 3 ? 33 PK N@theme/PK N@ theme/theme/PKN@ky}theme/theme/themeManager.xml M @}w7c(EbˮCAǠҟ7՛K Y, e.|,H,lxɴIsQ}#Ր ֵ+!,^$j=GW)E+& 8PKN@l$Itheme/theme/theme1.xmlY[k7~/?y}k{ĉnR(֌R%y,JӒBKJ@-45NSz$ͬGqm'-m6Hi.^3GDDyvJ"˧4aH`HYȹ;Ouv<)b1raGxHqc b^ t}VJi@lF]: ԀH&\$hS?qcYPb\ VNLfq͒uA,nwPTcl dk,|~5#!A汖[6Kc=wВG W~c5c4͠Kb 2l3jz(*fA&5\ ^4@rv!8{щJNpj QfHB+h(!@?w>F>:ޏвn`^O#^><~_>4~{O^| xO"tn0d"ζba^ C = }mumB)^^ܶyb!c[]| 9rk+WE0g.i{y{8;XPiɞG,1$H.!9fEe- D(bk1Xtheo6[7Q4Ⱥ]g\2r5 stj>i,1.n.^P<B]mg "pZfյ7cV6Rk6[M:Kìj0&t"rJv8`FfNܢX'SHQY;)}ևQSVKqk)o4NJ.ޛx)9&9,H'' ~i+u8l;38£#a6W '&67[b}+VE$8Lh8X8+u0y)`"56!1)klF\vvjDμƥ/$#o&l!v0_*3\S芠^DQSvq cmYܪM2udo)@\ٵrgWE9*j?+TyZ׶Å8TУP@kD ꢶk {9CCQcp;tHzm(K:N V.C2!#*%n'd ;ȃP$.w48&sͪ!d:+Ǭ˓78ljIVVЊ5E8Vk*VFJ=W Q?H.#:Ն:;P[|OP l @@ 4Nf"eLwjf}.mԡ V|[Ivثfgy;ek3vGSfAF;FJW>/t0;pH$2G A·z֫{R>(ԪRYT zZ˥~rbJz~n J-fz `?Cs]7zb$xu-lV{9>DVNj,5(Bȥszҕhhs0U~,}2ToF0,į*=댬o[gv; 9'33y ; oOPKN@ $ u [Content_Types].xmlPK N@J_rels/PKN@֧6  n_rels/.relsPK N@theme/PK N@ $theme/theme/PK N@Q theme/theme/_rels/PKN@ ѐ' theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsPKN@l$I theme/theme/theme1.xmlPKN@ky} Ntheme/theme/themeManager.xmlPK ? : MG 91110 0(   g   `0e0e Rectangle 1026"mgPK N@drs/PKN@YOdrs/downrev.xmlEN0 HC+bi;4jH]W@TIX۷'Ϳm}~Ʊ| n6)hG!"kw7[,K; JT8R'aFt;;o1;=N nYdFZ4z驧 aszԴ8ְ Q{WՄ3夯{*ǻ;b;U߽oge8kKޤ(eE|[堫}"5<۠rI$f׸ν Nkg8Ox#mEZU+iFQbfk-rKĺdRrtV[ʼn/{K!VECO*vyNQW A!J,mjd{!kBԀcp_r\Ķw?O7uݠ]ws^]_į> +MUKzaPhɕ}Z&-e̍bەܡt*`_e tXL҄4?D}T?Wbh:Y $SjF^荮h2it{Aέ~Yp{|j!У*{c V' G!<{yЕ8 4*2xu8:>_^PK N@_rels/PKN@\&( _rels/.relsj1 @h_B֐BWaLΖ5yB/dˠA 0xM e`J FG2p%}iRdITD10Z)4(I9`mtB{ƁmtπnTg 險,ܗr>j1W*@ŀӚZO#KOiPKN@Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPKN@Zf [Content_Types].xmlPK N@_rels/PKN@\&(  _rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@YO "drs/downrev.xmlPKN@.|mk drs/shapexml.xmlPK[P    J   @h   `0e0e Rectangle 1027"lfPK N@drs/PKN@8drs/downrev.xmlEn0 EkNР0dCc(CR*]Ĺ8l{1Ʊ| n6*/w!"kO;,H*b )CӑŰrq]S\gVZ4:QsV˺^NS)̤Hs~]b$?NNM4PKN@xхkdrs/shapexml.xmlU[nF/= P$vl [!Xá9<ؙ^[gd7>zfHYlZчx8Л;F8/ijB0ܖ<)Ft/<}{/oo59Chf̿0UiǍ^O'cͤ}3AJǶ۪\nyK*%kxzf,]f,YvAa$< J dzIǽi@'ƾs&pm-X'#Z$}w2,u#WRl 5ٮr:>Q1kPN>fbjz}]E2N1;a5BNOl3=K2dErh %uNOLʭGvwGOEBuJlw˜Diuv~BzIQ↚b1[ GԜNEnXXUaJFe!L=c\*h ODI>`XVKm 81i"V-RbČ' +VH̠:kέSMG.W%N2pY*QEBbNKȆEؓŝ='m~`kv Ë#cM09^(SaFVP8F;}95hoNƮDZxa8a$jT Hy%Mr̷ۑe¦vxdw/O5]/®7J څkc^NOb =I-j1W*@ŀӚZO#KOiPKN@Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPKN@Zf [Content_Types].xmlPK N@_rels/PKN@\&(  _rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@8 "drs/downrev.xmlPKN@xхk drs/shapexml.xmlPK[    L   @  c B Rectangle 1028     `0e0e Rectangle 1029"R L PK N@drs/PKN@"drs/downrev.xmlEn0  aǵiLq$߶_0^XA@7NnD{Ǥ` F.^V$t1bX8ݮ[)Vjc^l#-N Q[ݬU9FSVsMaH)7^}쯟]b$'zof?PKN@Sdrs/shapexml.xmlYOoE#FsEӤV7Ubd"+N?xw6^2YɹRB8T*OS'| ~3kN!W{o7L 2Z4פD:铣mJc*eB+Sn飝?xXtmA`lعhd%t2m$sFa1h rENMMٛ,NJX !(; Kw Rr0@ݎ(QLCcIl=jeL_''(f75FOǜ FXcjW1&B#~Q2㸡f¶2U3žN#%֝eF_@` t(iL;m|!#3Go"-TkDQgh<ƺ\K⅘@Vbu>3]xJBE"S k32GD2X& 2,ۯWh!yt3ksF0Tz8%SC0lnYϨRUd*ט:J*0(iY0W"Y1[7t /dL AL>r%1$ Qe9=s3n01D;մo3cy?gk_zw׬ZkFQUIb>j#l"˷/ۋ^\>峋/~}_u\f O_կϾۯcd좫h͑QYswo|sM$x"\^]%Bmk"],z"yM ܀Vt?ʄ q\_޵f0ի "nkLةfGMn3!^r-@οPK N@_rels/PKN@\&( _rels/.relsj1 @h_B֐BWaLΖ5yB/dˠA 0xM e`J FG2p%}iRdITD10Z)4(I9`mtB{ƁmtπnTg 險,ܗr>j1W*@ŀӚZO#KOiPKN@Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPKN@Zf [Content_Types].xmlPK N@_rels/PKN@\&(  _rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@" "drs/downrev.xmlPKN@S drs/shapexml.xmlPK[ @  8USQdkYkHre,g7h_ ,{N~ ,{ N~ ,{V~ ,{N~ <       @ @`n   `0e0e Rectangle 1030"tnPK N@drs/PKN@wdrs/downrev.xmlEMo0 "GZ>T@&M0]Mc&ʿe7zw@)1(G( umh l>@e` (|vy1cXa͍Hp}uỵS.&,15&< wz\7caOKG~ ޽Y6*D]ɋW#Δo9IJT*7?Ć)*f2FRVWQoV$ **D#k xoD|*-"?|k-^tAerPqo,y I>l \\ %Fbt1^C 3r)6])QEn}9x#[͊}Gu P?ZAW_N6NGDΖ|hGFb/g}(/&jMALB ꔝl4![FB>f$&Gr6bbۖj|g/V#9fET#}G8Up[XJ;_Ia/F#ζAH)̯_,C΍p<qz'Ւ/9i‰Hi ,cZQ9)r.=2ӔJՏ}Zm:' =ސ a@W Ea13x||dBFH3w9fRDCg@1I/rA @1FebA';U{,;:}C]S^]^o7+uUsjahɕ|\&L̅bˎ-Cyiq:gkhRmpha}P#1o46$ShF荮h2ijvAεKLڙkL/T U=-{V`7:ս`qЪ+ʽ]3>}ϯP3Рi goSɺq+`+PK N@_rels/PKN@\&( _rels/.relsj1 @h_B֐BWaLΖ5yB/dˠA 0xM e`J FG2p%}iRdITD10Z)4(I9`mtB{ƁmtπnTg 險,ܗr>j1W*@ŀӚZO#KOiPKN@Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPKN@Zf [Content_Types].xmlPK N@_rels/PKN@\&(  _rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@w "drs/downrev.xmlPKN@r drs/shapexml.xmlPK[`P   J   @  `0e0e Rectangle 1031"PK N@drs/PKN@X:drs/downrev.xmlEn1 E{L}HX31q 7tӝm3_SG l`[n l7;PI-v,9V6xEǵ4*C8Uh֩v1MBOo=J6)}F{l978Q}Xx/=|ݾJh}&h [!lvN{8PKN@[\Vdrs/shapexml.xmlTKn0n Œ(?pP589X,!)z.{ޠi!%#FE"y3o<(83c+%S\Ŕ0۔>=Σ%ց́+RzbݾwGVK;)-ӣVf%`f e8ܚmKftఐv[*I$$2޼Le;\j@ʖ^ʖ!Ut:ɐ Ex`J$q'&F Pٳ%R&A`ccԡd[qP\Nb5Kĝ4<_N%w`3Sk5ӼHlT`6ca3AF>0bGG2 hd]`O563%_Ԡ(աXyy%9tkDT"@V55 ܊4ٽkqG?#RJp֫(%J?L]̅Msy<;1U<dYS^NHJhp Y3YiςAxp rbCBI7- {&Q/qj1W*@ŀӚZO#KOiPKN@Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPKN@Zf 9[Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@\&(  D_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@X: "drs/downrev.xmlPKN@[\V drs/shapexml.xmlPK[a`   n*     *  3 ? ̙33 PK N@theme/PK N@ theme/theme/PKN@ky}theme/theme/themeManager.xml M @}w7c(EbˮCAǠҟ7՛K Y, e.|,H,lxɴIsQ}#Ր ֵ+!,^$j=GW)E+& 8PKN@=eItheme/theme/theme1.xmlYOoE#F{w߱:hF[x=N3'P%p@@ViRJx3d7$i#@Ѝo^t'`hT/TDBOi8:7ƣRA3Obڻ\ī'A0?WqV؃a_ ݌KxT=rRiLC8g3짟_|YKe<&mLѨNU|2v1:}9嵋eFJp `S;0ǵ+oIOyޕv: 62yu\gs2[dn9e 6s^oXs{<d6 3.\QB} q^_?D1Xx(2AwaIC$#2U3o̐/{FaCz~c飃{Oxp -k:ى//?B?ϋq?b'?ŷ ='Y$F cKN&l3>p+.ҷ1>-xSP(eˋۖ۾XfWnp\Zqx΋Eno "-"sP9 D! (A=c>E}L M2+'_$ ۲MHٵ?&2e8("9*~↱O h8%q\4}3Nգl?Bҝ"W1Y>"6 ,xBM. ~I :D: f!/Z[E8ۊ|0%֏pGŔ/M_޷BU}iu-(crncX0#T,wcIps$J4Uݏ̫KkB'+` dM fdn-uz..}<%yUX{}i "N,1Ri38Gӑd!:f G]g[ "z?pIadֆ?f'U /qJ:SتǾ * *NFZz^ H )mL Z2OfQ3I) IĶ?C[ܯB)tEP(kWvqN ciYܪM3u.eO@BٵrgWE9 *j=#TyZ׮Å9TȧH@kD ꢖkW]krP#Aa= dʒUːL ʈGF %lj`K!u5Iʀ?9ɠ\59|jr59ww>&A)&RDm-1t*^Y4+Yf)$i"q5+q ^k ˆ(GLjcV1i<*fp4H&ݭZXKu%#Vg49YxN,lڌkjYю_ߕ68zg &cLA빭?MG A·f֚nnKzRj7{R٬WjeЯ݅~Pm/f#8dw3=v<6VւogZѷ6 :ZQJzoTj RmK2 f3] nn5lZU-5Z%~SZijJ=l&4V_m 0kOPK N@_rels/PKN@֧6 _rels/.relsj0 }Q%v/C/}(h"O = C?hv=Ʌ%[xp{۵_Pѣ<1H0ORBdJE4b$q_6LR7`0̞O,En7Lib/SeеPK N@theme/theme/_rels/PKN@ ѐ'theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsM 0wooӺ&݈Э5 6?$Q ,.aic21h:qm@RN;d`o7gK(M&$R(.1r'JЊT8V"AȻHu}|$b{P8g/]QAsم(#L[PKN@ $[Content_Types].xmlN0EH-J@%ǎǢ|ș$زULTB l,x\vTU^hd}㨫)*1P'^ח0)T9l#$> `?Cs]7zb$xu-lV{9>DVNj,5(Bȥszҕhhs0U~,}2ToF0,į*=댬o[gv; 9'33y ; oOPKN@ $ t [Content_Types].xmlPK N@I_rels/PKN@֧6  m_rels/.relsPK N@theme/PK N@ $theme/theme/PK N@P theme/theme/_rels/PKN@ ѐ' theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsPKN@=eI theme/theme/theme1.xmlPKN@ky} Ntheme/theme/themeManager.xmlPK ? : 'PK N@drs/PK N@drs/slideMasters/PKN@0G&pR!drs/slideMasters/slideMaster1.xmlKn0z‘%r*(=MQHƱ{.{ޠi%wn V$83!7J0*UJJżSbSZn7u6On+%BلpNBT^Z(˵YaAz%4r FH`(kV%Zm0wgI3LtR4]lfSȵ C\jdJQ;vsεrYAI rxQܡ5o=pG  Q68ݱmΏf"ٯTYd[2R6d%>Jmm+XE8EY<ºt[ /``-?+j9(uۖ߇J ܥhq=4#$S1sh(pt*48pCܩN xNp0 Pt!jGq|uJ5>~umOP_"ݻEHqp,ݮRw*<o%UMZMn ?[P/P|ϳU]&ݢu*pcfDBKPK N@_rels/PKN@*8 _rels/.rels 0DnzЃXmlo0of5OIw AN{cݠv=m 838yG 6U} ShLq`L)d=Ҍ\@.;3, ;$e͂): vq}j:zɥ'k茜(f,ƁXA6\m>PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0H+r@%r(0r&7yܪ}{&i*T8f;L6VT-{V~n^{)@ŀ< uw}l IvVNLTL3pG|ﴉ`(UoȮy=J2:88Z )9kR /Ju"(\fhnX soiɶGgϤqsJ8 `ֳ'*e$ ީ3/zPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@_rels/PKN@*8  _rels/.relsPK N@drs/PK N@"drs/slideMasters/PKN@0G&pR! Qdrs/slideMasters/slideMaster1.xmlPKn q @dcM(    PrRrRRectangle 11`T    Effects of Word Concreteness and Spacing on EF      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghiklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~L Vocabulary Acquisition 4Tޘ WSN]N'Yf[ YVef[f[b _lς WSN211816 l G&Hf"Xg0fg0fg0f&(f"XbG         c <Text Box 12 `T  > 2X  c <Text Box 17QV#& fPurposes This study is an attempt to examine how word concreteness and spacing each affect EFL learner s recall of word meaning, and how they interact on EFL learner s recall. Specifically, it is to investigate the following two questions: 1. How do word concreteness and spacing each contribute to EFL vocabulary acquisition? 2. Is there any interaction between word concreteness and spacing for EFL vocabulary acquisition?   2EWcg$gDVb    D  V  b     s BText Box 264vFF5 <  c <Text Box 30&0K>N1 HTable 4.5 Simple effects comparisons % 2% --%   c <Text Box 460K/8PL > 2  c <Text Box 50H " 8nIntroduction Vocabulary acquisition is of great significance for L2 learners. One of the most important features of vocabulary is concreteness and one of the most effective ways of learning seems to be spacing. A few studies have been conducted on vocabulary acquisition in terms of word concreteness and spacing. The concreteness effect has been confirmed mostly in L1 studies. However, few studies reached consistent conclusions in the field of second language learning. Although several studies have found the spacing effect in vocabulary learning, little has been done with regard to the interactive effect between word concreteness and (learning) spacing. The thesis examines the effects of word concreteness and spacing (spaced and massed distribution) and their interactive effect on EFL vocabulary acquisition.`  + g$g$*8   *   t   c <Text Box 52(V#E  Method The study employed a 2 (concreteness) 2 (spacing) research design. Word concreteness was a within-subjects variable and spacing was a between-subjects variable. Word concreteness had two levels, i.e., high and low concreteness. Spacing also had two levels, i.e., massed and spaced learning. EFL vocabulary acquisition was the dependent variable, measured in terms of receptive vocabulary knowledge. 52 second year English majors participated in this experiment. They came from two intact classes and were randomly assigned to one of the two vocabulary learning tasks (spaced and massed learning). 20 target words (10 words with high concreteness and 10 words with low concreteness) were chosen for this study. This study utilized Min s (2008) 4-item modified VKS (Vocabulary Knowledge Scale). The reading and true or false judgment tasks, and the modified VSK were pilot-tested with 5 non-participants. During the experiment, each group of participants was asked to finish the sentence reading task and true or false judgments within the maximum time limits as stipulated in the instructions. The spaced group finished the 20 sentence reading task with target words. The next day, they read another set of 20 sentences with the same target words again. The massed group were assigned to the 40 sentence reading task once on the same day when the spaced group was tested the second time. On the third day, the two groups took the post-test of the target words. All the test data were collected and they were all valid. Data are submitted to SPSS 16.0 and analyzed by a mixed ANOVA. 2g$g$SC;    S  ;        s DRectangle 560#0*0 <    s DRectangle 580#0*0 <    s FRectangle 800*.#0**. <    s FRectangle 802*.#0**. <   s FRectangle 804*.#0**. <   s FRectangle 806*.#0**. < "  c >Text Box 824 $5  *Figure 4.1 Means plot< 2g g      c >Text Box 834&PPs Low = abstractness, high = concreteness, spaced = spaced learning, massed = massed learning(\82[C[  X  s DText Box 835'b&9"- 8 As is shown in Table 4.2, Box M is 6.66 and the corresponding p = 0.097 > 0.05 showing that the covariance matrices between variables are homogeneous. B=VF  =  V    c >Text Box 836$?+! ZAssumptions of a mixed AVONA Table 4.2 Box's test of equality of covariance f 20 2g /g g * /   _  c >Text Box 852"1 + PK N@drs/PKN@&aZdrs/downrev.xmlEN0EH5{jTEu+Ct%, 4ۑgh;:WgB.Kra@Qlbk|[bO,İlriUB ^dS@^bN)s]ƱCW<], zԜ{Zk2z<`m-(Iϙ;w@wVf]bQ,zPKN@~3 "drs/shapexml.xmlZN#7w|[ ?FlK[ kxSۓ^}>A{Wiߣ=X@J^I|ELX'VI>%30eKۃo/ `nP i}1hDܖ)ZjlBVZPΏq"3̞ )쉇f*~25E~,$9Vgg WT#{ MRa0'( 2X2Q9 ҉Sz\Jm>vCexőHUKVS[\W';er|uxcYqrQRHϳcKwY'p{l3Uqt>0E|a!zI~m;E1$W,j}(V^@/m aC@C%PضI/8mR|lXhʵxۏN#0}W!s1˚~i_CTzWҿuWhڻ| ǣ+PK N@_rels/PKN@\&( _rels/.relsj1 @h_B֐BWaLΖ5yB/dˠA 0xM e`J FG2p%}iRdITD10Z)4(I9`mtB{ƁmtπnTg 險,ܗr>j1W*@ŀӚZO#KOiPKN@Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPKN@Zf [Content_Types].xmlPK N@y_rels/PKN@\&(  _rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@&aZ "drs/downrev.xmlPKN@~3 " drs/shapexml.xmlPK[`V& R6g  Word concreteness has a significant main effect on EFL vocabulary acquisition. In other words, words with high concreteness will be more effectively acquired than those with low concreteness. Spacing has no main effect on EFL vocabulary acquisition. It seems that the spaced distribution group performs no better than the massed distribution group. There is a significant interactive effect between word concreteness and spacing on EFL vocabulary acquisition. EFL learners, in the spaced group, performed significantly better in learning concrete words than in learning abstract ones, while in the massed group, no difference was found. b8&8000202CCCCC C   -- x           @r    C $ hW_|U7D0WρiS݁rDPacPKN@IKdrs/e2oDoc.xml\Kr6ݧ*w@ao%SߍkJek ؖr,s. sI*H)ll$?>t 1C7T(};Q$aħ}qtH*CNxA%~7ôw%gA\>) hL~RyDD6RA%(x\D獐M |O&('Ip ̀(x7炤(0 | }1>?7jp#/rMK-]$'xr.@b0 ߯ EDăC҃ޠy{-lu@] hv;I Ho]Y x]c9P]+Ź%dd¢P?(ALLdu-5R,R9ʙLP"3JS1XLC +SRmRtQ2~;y 2]tqaF՛j GzTU\L3M'@kR-bjIՒgWL.LV<2QU&X=f5,1Emskip_&3Ce_²s ~[^ x]ʨ֝<;7``;kvnȬRKZ<ꠤyaΗڝ_*SnEo;Gɥc ԳX"fR8vmǮ-hklz5ɦ &gqMJ5ĤM*ۼcD_7XotO6ي7n1U"';Fu~^F%,9s!O'Iy6DtrϵN":ZTC製@onp=e$=RM}4)9X>BQ-1X[wd)=5e5VzF|~Ғ9KKk{]gX,1S;H_RPK N@_rels/PKN@f< _rels/.relsj0 }qN/k؊c[F2e~"Kl`0;1 (6{PF783.#c(Y ̵W͘tT0Dlm#]ڀzgͿ0n .):&viUe6F,jY~}_G>~WoPKN@~ [Content_Types].xmlAN0EH%N@%邴K@`dOdlyLhoDX3'AL:*/@X*eRp208J妾)G,R}Q)=HiҺ0BL):T뢸WQDY;d]6O&8* VCLj"󃒝 yJ.;[wIC_ :{IOA !>Ø4 Swl9rj̛Mt֎k8풺toPKN@~  c[Content_Types].xmlPK N@E_rels/PKN@f<  i_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@@Fy "drs/downrev.xmlPKN@IK drs/e2oDoc.xmlPKY"1>L'  0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK*s J X`c    W  0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK*s  FDX`X`c  c        0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK*>s  df1jX`X`c  c  k  c  0          0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK*> s  df2jX`X`c  c  k  c  0        W  0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK* s  pDX`X`c  c      e  0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK*s  AbstractDX` X`c   c       ]  0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK*s  0.00@X`X`c  c      W  0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK*s>  1@X`X`c  c      U  0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK*>s   44@X`X`c  c      Y  0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK* s   1.00@X`X`c  c      e   0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK*  ConcreteDX` X`c   c       ] ! 0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK*  1.16@X`X`c  c      W " 0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK*>  1@X`X`c  c      Y # 0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK*>   44@X`X`c  c      ] $ 0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK*    0.29@X`X`c  c      B % 3 1 "d^PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0DHk8Táj-D^H׷G3z3ݏS7 l`@W޶\:7 [<"w-\ЭZ% 4"}ur'Nd 8$SÖSC=4T]ʫ3gӇޟ1<c@ u~NF` O_л?PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  1_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK+ B & 3 1 "d^PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0DHk8Táj-D^H׷G3z3ݏS7 l`@W޶\:7 [<"w-\ЭZ% 4"}ur'Nd 8$SÖSC=4T]ʫ3gӇޟ1<c@ u~NF` O_л?PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  1_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK+s sB '   "e_PK N@drs/PKN@80drs/downrev.xmlEn0Hw@#LT!Q/E⸍$"^K>=q蛙M1N\ֲe nVXYcgLg̵xOCEQABK髆 ;[g0Djn:4rlh]Cg|ԧ?f_@c@ǵz>S/ PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[  2_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@80 "drs/downrev.xmlPK, B ( 3 1 "d^PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0DHk8Táj-D^H׷G3z3ݏS7 l`@W޶\:7 [<"w-\ЭZ% 4"}ur'Nd 8$SÖSC=4T]ʫ3gӇޟ1<c@ u~NF` O_л?PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  1_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK+ B )   "e_PK N@drs/PKN@80drs/downrev.xmlEn0Hw@#LT!Q/E⸍$"^K>=q蛙M1N\ֲe nVXYcgLg̵xOCEQABK髆 ;[g0Djn:4rlh]Cg|ԧ?f_@c@ǵz>S/ PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[  2_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@80 "drs/downrev.xmlPK,B *   "e_PK N@drs/PKN@80drs/downrev.xmlEn0Hw@#LT!Q/E⸍$"^K>=q蛙M1N\ֲe nVXYcgLg̵xOCEQABK髆 ;[g0Djn:4rlh]Cg|ԧ?f_@c@ǵz>S/ PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[  2_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@80 "drs/downrev.xmlPK,B +   "e_PK N@drs/PKN@80drs/downrev.xmlEn0Hw@#LT!Q/E⸍$"^K>=q蛙M1N\ֲe nVXYcgLg̵xOCEQABK髆 ;[g0Djn:4rlh]Cg|ԧ?f_@c@ǵz>S/ PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[  2_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@80 "drs/downrev.xmlPK,B ,   "e_PK N@drs/PKN@80drs/downrev.xmlEn0Hw@#LT!Q/E⸍$"^K>=q蛙M1N\ֲe nVXYcgLg̵xOCEQABK髆 ;[g0Djn:4rlh]Cg|ԧ?f_@c@ǵz>S/ PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[  2_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@80 "drs/downrev.xmlPK,>>B -   "e_PK N@drs/PKN@80drs/downrev.xmlEn0Hw@#LT!Q/E⸍$"^K>=q蛙M1N\ֲe nVXYcgLg̵xOCEQABK髆 ;[g0Djn:4rlh]Cg|ԧ?f_@c@ǵz>S/ PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[  2_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@80 "drs/downrev.xmlPK,  B .   "e_PK N@drs/PKN@80drs/downrev.xmlEn0Hw@#LT!Q/E⸍$"^K>=q蛙M1N\ֲe nVXYcgLg̵xOCEQABK髆 ;[g0Djn:4rlh]Cg|ԧ?f_@c@ǵz>S/ PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[  2_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@80 "drs/downrev.xmlPK, c / c 2e,gFh 99"+%PK N@drs/PKN@ oSdrs/downrev.xmlEMO0 Hw Bղ ltwxM&Å_c=zu\-,&.כGP1:S$ 3جVX4=]*R$ۺVX6k“Mrp1YO,}M|лv n ǃ CN,mٙ(ChB~6p wj!_szsU^b'o_jM zj$sA}ۨ:؁G[r&tXgV7-,Hs{4g2[ݓOS$H;:#MZ=y*Mc[[9I=hDjU%flӸ! Q&tNzξsށ(ڹnSJyj(kz`7TNE~M ;M&6>j1W*@ŀӚZO#KOiPKN@Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPKN@Zf [Content_Types].xmlPK N@s_rels/PKN@\&(  _rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ oS "drs/downrev.xmlPKN@/" drs/shapexml.xmlPK[} 0.05).h .&&&& .          2 1 s 6 e,gFh 2"\VPK N@drs/PKN@k]drs/downrev.xmlEN0DHwBQ A-6p^m5^G$˅Ύ-Vԙbj Pu-7#$d`Ky/N%p"}uyL1Dhqpۢx[ {zvT?ހ}Oڧ2PB޷ߦ&h [!7\/PKN@U, _] drs/shapexml.xmlVn7;Zْ- j+XJ{r-\!oPK}3OӢu|3}V)8La+e z=?zY`*Ȃd/_~q obt`F6j8We&BDCd٠ex>EIay[JȯhsK v喞FbLU?@~xNKvq{X[HZ!׾C0MN'3p${>|6H r Hve Ax4D<|H0K4vbвsu |2>'TM:CՁKw0m ^&fmDսF:UC#ɥ5j/+6îʾ/ ([ @mUP[% QIē+Or5WJSG;,vВGl-C lFЖo q'r_7'/?6]|߽q7PK N@_rels/PKN@\&( _rels/.relsj1 @h_B֐BWaLΖ5yB/dˠA 0xM e`J FG2p%}iRdITD10Z)4(I9`mtB{ƁmtπnTg 險,ܗr>j1W*@ŀӚZO#KOiPKN@Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPKN@Zf [Content_Types].xmlPK N@_rels/PKN@\&(  _rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@k] "drs/downrev.xmlPKN@U, _]  drs/shapexml.xmlPK[.$=2 hA mixed AVONA for EFL vocabulary acquisition Table 4.4 Tests of within-subjects and between-subjects effectsB- @ -& --@& --- @  @   2 c 0 e,gFh 6E 0.05 and p2 = 0.000. That is, the spaced learning group performs no better than the massed learning group. Similarly, Table 4.4 shows that there is a significant interaction between word concreteness and spacing, F = 6.12, p = 0.017 < 0.05 and p2 = 0.12. Table 4.5 further explains the interaction between word concreteness and spacing."E"c"" "$"""**"""+"# """""K"" """**"& """"" " ""F""" """"** "*"(  E       $            + #            K                              F                 *    3 c 2e,gFh 10E RS B \ As is shown in Table 4.5, zero is not included in the lower and upper bound in 95% confidence interval for the spaced learning group, which shows that there is a significant difference between the abstract and concrete words. The value of t (t = -2.675, p = 0.014 < 0.05) further shows a significant difference between the abstract and concrete words. For the massed learning group, zero is included in the lower and upper bound in 95% confidence interval, which shows that there is no significant difference between abstract and concrete words. The value of t (t = 0.318, p = 0.753 > 0.05) further shows no significant difference between the abstract and concrete words. Regardless of word concreteness, simple comparisons indicate no significant difference between the spaced and massed learning (p > 0.05)./T" ""["+""" ""h"" T       [  +                 h               ` 4 s 8A? VGr 13m3b&5Aj;h 5 c >Text Box 791Fb*I PResults Table 4.1 Descriptive statisticsL!$   *     Q  Y 6C " hT, Ԙ_k#kq%c1jRO\f HԽF[X(i[&@2qؿ@TŅJOD=(>R,+䙲3E`@w(P?3za+֟9HA}5GuW63?$XE{e! Nm(VBڴYCn1}u{;rO*~0ȕ ԹF1l$8#뛑.<ő 40Ƃ@]^ˤ@@IR FvZ۽v'w5]hsawU;\i"qI?3\3UH[.J9\(B&6V2̎N._Pӭ)֏YnWvLCd4@/; b5Ra Hb>f>D2Tu%V _) u)2&i ٵ>+S'3?#a:=Rx8/?\y%c+C!]½|1Ľ o۶5i6,4r{)m ܩuMIBޔ2,M=L2ZZwzZ屦q^ P#PϨs1$K 7qqqڍ0A$e,i/,\$v. bcۑ6!!nkx`['k\hX(lXH`E>@C{ucPap\ZWkn#!!!Lkڈi. z9Z_OP;_&Z9,tZZҐ]c>j[8IF̵wkE=ZsXsNЬuvPYZQYB @;K{ #jUعZjm4n\UBLCL[Ĵ?MĴaALCLCL5 گ 2_Ղk闺p_@PK N@_rels/PKN@f< _rels/.relsj0 }qN/k؊c[F2e~"Kl`0;1 (6{PF783.#c(Y ̵W͘tT0Dlm#]ڀzgͿ0n .):&viUe6F,jY~}_G>~WoPKN@~ [Content_Types].xmlAN0EH%N@%邴K@`dOdlyLhoDX3'AL:*/@X*eRp208J妾)G,R}Q)=HiҺ0BL):T뢸WQDY;d]6O&8* VCLj"󃒝 yJ.;[wIC_ :{IOA !>Ø4 Swl9rj̛Mt֎k8풺toPKN@~  [Content_Types].xmlPK N@_rels/PKN@f<  $_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@( "drs/downrev.xmlPKN@[&m drs/e2oDoc.xmlPKYF 0K_QE 7 0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK*ES r 0X`c  c     8 0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK*ES H X`c    y 9 0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK* S  MTX`X`c  c  c  *     { : 0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK*  S  SDTX`X`c  c  c  *     y ; 0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK* YS  NTX`X`c  c  c  *      < 0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK*SE  AbstractTX` X`c  c  c  *      = 0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK*ES  SpacedTX`X`c  c  c  *     { > 0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK*S   2.17PX`X`c  c  c  *     { ? 0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK* S   1.47PX`X`c  c  c  *     w @ 0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK* SY  23PX`X`c  c  c  *      A 0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK*E  MassedTX`X`c  c  c  *     { B 0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK*   2.83PX`X`c  c  c  *     { C 0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK*    1.59PX`X`c  c  c  *     w D 0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK* Y  23PX`X`c  c  c  *      E 0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK*E  ConcreteTX` X`c  c  c  *      F 0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK*EK & Spaced TX`X`c  c  c  *     { G 0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK* K  3.43PX`X`c  c  c  *     { H 0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK*  K  2.17PX`X`c  c  c  *     w I 0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK* YK  23PX`X`c  c  c  *      J 0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK*EK  MassedTX`X`c  c  c  *     { K 0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK*K   2.74PX`X`c  c  c  *     { L 0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK* K   1.74PX`X`c  c  c  *     w M 0  "c]PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0D^ơ EACi/I ^G~}}q473j;Yu * 3)fO4VҨXVd(uKc]|p(IFۀS^vqjhqVݝ>lkNe%~>Ξ0 i}~^PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  0_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK* KY  23PX`X`c  c  c  *     B N 3 1 "d^PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0DHk8Táj-D^H׷G3z3ݏS7 l`@W޶\:7 [<"w-\ЭZ% 4"}ur'Nd 8$SÖSC=4T]ʫ3gӇޟ1<c@ u~NF` O_л?PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  1_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK+YB O 3 1 "d^PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0DHk8Táj-D^H׷G3z3ݏS7 l`@W޶\:7 [<"w-\ЭZ% 4"}ur'Nd 8$SÖSC=4T]ʫ3gӇޟ1<c@ u~NF` O_л?PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  1_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK+SYSB P   "e_PK N@drs/PKN@80drs/downrev.xmlEn0Hw@#LT!Q/E⸍$"^K>=q蛙M1N\ֲe nVXYcgLg̵xOCEQABK髆 ;[g0Djn:4rlh]Cg|ԧ?f_@c@ǵz>S/ PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[  2_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@80 "drs/downrev.xmlPK,EYB Q   "e_PK N@drs/PKN@80drs/downrev.xmlEn0Hw@#LT!Q/E⸍$"^K>=q蛙M1N\ֲe nVXYcgLg̵xOCEQABK髆 ;[g0Djn:4rlh]Cg|ԧ?f_@c@ǵz>S/ PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[  2_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@80 "drs/downrev.xmlPK,YB R   "e_PK N@drs/PKN@80drs/downrev.xmlEn0Hw@#LT!Q/E⸍$"^K>=q蛙M1N\ֲe nVXYcgLg̵xOCEQABK髆 ;[g0Djn:4rlh]Cg|ԧ?f_@c@ǵz>S/ PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[  2_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@80 "drs/downrev.xmlPK,EKYKB S 3 1 "d^PK N@drs/PKN@drs/downrev.xmlEn0DHk8Táj-D^H׷G3z3ݏS7 l`@W޶\:7 [<"w-\ЭZ% 4"}ur'Nd 8$SÖSC=4T]ʫ3gӇޟ1<c@ u~NF` O_л?PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@ _rels/PKN@Z,[  1_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@ "drs/downrev.xmlPK+YB T   "e_PK N@drs/PKN@80drs/downrev.xmlEn0Hw@#LT!Q/E⸍$"^K>=q蛙M1N\ֲe nVXYcgLg̵xOCEQABK髆 ;[g0Djn:4rlh]Cg|ԧ?f_@c@ǵz>S/ PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[  2_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@80 "drs/downrev.xmlPK,B U   "e_PK N@drs/PKN@80drs/downrev.xmlEn0Hw@#LT!Q/E⸍$"^K>=q蛙M1N\ֲe nVXYcgLg̵xOCEQABK髆 ;[g0Djn:4rlh]Cg|ԧ?f_@c@ǵz>S/ PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[  2_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@80 "drs/downrev.xmlPK,EEB V   "e_PK N@drs/PKN@80drs/downrev.xmlEn0Hw@#LT!Q/E⸍$"^K>=q蛙M1N\ֲe nVXYcgLg̵xOCEQABK髆 ;[g0Djn:4rlh]Cg|ԧ?f_@c@ǵz>S/ PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[  2_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@80 "drs/downrev.xmlPK,B W   "e_PK N@drs/PKN@80drs/downrev.xmlEn0Hw@#LT!Q/E⸍$"^K>=q蛙M1N\ֲe nVXYcgLg̵xOCEQABK髆 ;[g0Djn:4rlh]Cg|ԧ?f_@c@ǵz>S/ PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[  2_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@80 "drs/downrev.xmlPK, B X   "e_PK N@drs/PKN@80drs/downrev.xmlEn0Hw@#LT!Q/E⸍$"^K>=q蛙M1N\ֲe nVXYcgLg̵xOCEQABK髆 ;[g0Djn:4rlh]Cg|ԧ?f_@c@ǵz>S/ PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[  2_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@80 "drs/downrev.xmlPK,  B Y   "e_PK N@drs/PKN@80drs/downrev.xmlEn0Hw@#LT!Q/E⸍$"^K>=q蛙M1N\ֲe nVXYcgLg̵xOCEQABK髆 ;[g0Djn:4rlh]Cg|ԧ?f_@c@ǵz>S/ PK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[ _rels/.relsmj0 ``t_Pƈ[>,dgzjǎ?I'f#®Pb-\/Ƿ0Z]nLnp__3.iJV KQBiDžrL,Vʌ/7р4`ANar+m;E/'3U Aںv83/PKN@[Content_Types].xml}N0 HC+jS8 @:Q۸ ??\o<7p]V޷O(I'6E=, ){Ō4>I)q7UuDހǏ)}nL"Mᴸ&g0eSA)΄2';2 WYu7{ɯΒzŘqFrj9K*(]mOlPKN@ [Content_Types].xmlPK N@_rels/PKN@Z,[  2_rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@80 "drs/downrev.xmlPK,YY Z c >Text Box 794`Vo#] | In general, several features can be drawn from Table 4.1. The concrete words appear to elicit better learning than the abstract words do. Moreover, the spaced learning group outperforms the massed learning group in the acquisition of concrete words. Finally, the massed learning group performs better than the spaced group in the acquisition of abstract words, though the difference is small."  F [ s 8e,gFh 10 9R{  As is shown in Figure 4.1, the spaced learning group outperforms the massed learning group in the acquisition of concrete words, while it is true of the other way round in the acquisition of abstract words. Furthermore, in the spaced distribution group, concrete words are better acquired than abstract words, while a small or no difference was found for the massed learning. All these suggest an interaction between word concreteness and spacing on EFL vocabulary acquisition."""" """""" " "*"("1" "" """"0                           *  ( 1           "     \ c 2e,gFh 11vGhV#`V < As is shown in Table 4.1, in terms of abstract words, the mean score for the spaced learning (M = 2.17) is smaller than that for the massed learning (M = 2.83) with the mean difference of 0.66. Nevertheless, with respect to concrete words, the mean score for the spaced learning (M = 3.43) is larger than that for the massed learning (M = 2.74) with the mean difference of 0.69. c76+c  7    6  +  % ] c 2e,gFh 12"PK N@drs/PKN@Bdrs/downrev.xmlEn0 # UvXYwDk*1}]vo[߯o]'n ^|V m}<<@$F L`y|Xc+S s_JC,C1RG2urQ/ҡ`O)`ֻTt)%J`ڭ,}01EyyPKN@k!" drs/shapexml.xmlVn1#iCjHQ58Ok[7M`4BJe3xo I:UJ-Jb:jҫqcH2ZnǣׯL ArI{4-y@p/׶ShW<Tf4 N1N2 1x񷚕RaA001 #vZ"2dKICU94VBqyߟ~!AD !Miw8t[A5l&^ۏͽ'cuA 3@! Hv&aY鱐2!NaӏDH㯢6I/!"8)=:oHg~+y<@Qv^ O"8kBeKJ; ,KIIKn0vWujWwkO"d_TVYZ`LKvWaU&lRUjF H?eo=rݍ2#LF+ NYQ6aM64,B3↿ 0JO^JbRdp#pd ryסU]W8V=/E9B]ϖc(+P O38fVSK"sCa`k ʦ`:x.-`q{hgFPK N@_rels/PKN@\&( _rels/.relsj1 @h_B֐BWaLΖ5yB/dˠA 0xM e`J FG2p%}iRdITD10Z)4(I9`mtB{ƁmtπnTg 險,ܗr>j1W*@ŀӚZO#KOiPKN@Zf[Content_Types].xmlMO &2WR=cJ`F0iK`#̼vLw 9uSq:w`G ^i ½KI)c/ $oVjTMRc|}042ҥCƔM̏P~*ka/8^DkHbL8e i"K\XN\6rco4y@_;oPKN@Zf [Content_Types].xmlPK N@g_rels/PKN@\&(  _rels/.relsPK N@drs/PKN@B "drs/downrev.xmlPKN@k!"  drs/shapexml.xmlPK[_!a  Implications4 & -- &$--    @  ^ s 8e,gFh 13aoRe z This study has both theoretical and pedagogical implications. Theoretically, it contributes much to our understanding of how concreteness and spacing affect EFL vocabulary knowledge. This study lends support to the dual-coding theory and the context-availability model, but not to the spacing learning theory. Pedagogically, EFL teachers are recommended to design vocabulary exercises more properly, taking account of the learning difference between words with low and high concreteness. U"\ """ "" "" """"B^U \                          B   _ c 2e,gFh 14S_V fM = mean, SD = standard deviation, N = sample size$" """""" "~               ` TA Ԕ?Object 160m3K>R;;   a c >Text Box 851mT %S/V Conclusion *  2 g$    b TA Ԕ?Object 119D#&93&   c 3 A Vh 1"oiPK N@drs/PKN@bSKdrs/downrev.xmluKo0C" >JU+Az5D$vd׿ U=atFhCSZU`ilAg?>d, [F&R@BWp [釶CCL[@rۆQVֆ.Tç j xfgqŧJ/n{yj>@/VJ@ }/s 9,k/Zc|0=HQ Dy G'LSaXXd1_)Qx^}3,sgԹ |2/uJg& 1a(>j#TZVG\hNbmЯ[Behi,1a5nj9}Efv?Fp [&C. k6ɛz^ r7b %}{KT!z33X%$‰| D<= FGur?N4`'* X "!S4¯< PM4`0/Ǽ+8FmՃ~{v?h;V5amNu<Ѿ"U"vh(t`a3fp3' u- xAP:6Pm8j ^"JtvBCHA*v?Ĥ\4>plk CgG*$gYgۈ Z kmLA? ;D_%X0QV%)ht/GMg烉R&~a9i6^Mo3PoYtQ?BRG5;-+Hi|u!B12Y"+J#SNVyfj)|2HȟÛWPg1dvujTNsHd_ KFs|- Ux!ABn(k ̆Ƀ Aּ/ZͶj ~)tt'|MWVKc.I5tUEMR>F6ކe]RX=.m#ՙ2Pt؃k3~`ū%-jTMn sHU+ٞ=FX` K-hٌ؎'Yhr#?/ɨ\p9"JW}coN}s+?-%YLՃref[*y|R H\O12O/kWR{!33>=9;|.mj#>fVY*. 9*9zȊyÇ@mY炔vfcCX)qQS>sNU9I]Y3^CIwPIā7ENrx'Dr߁, ^fgDOˮ/#{oS]ryŸ\_?PK N@ drs/charts/PKN@J`"drs/charts/style1.xmlZn:~8-+tUi%zڳ6:qmҧ?c;7'_<3f曋pW@NBe g =yQD“t5 o6AH/~jbE\oG?>0K|xg31zΑ ht@we\&<j|c+,~ sVL#mU 4B5o^#m_q&BЈqlJSRȬ k94|u65 քi+<3 qLsfZn-= Al!{ 'IHo8sIpFװ˥.u8؟@3W:x2 塚jz>І<kK2!osSi>AJh- c_Sbf]f/ڞ>ո[pU[*R F<5 ց>:xǔPܩ>If&Pj&t*508`P_VU`Rhhۀ=۩+8EԿܦ]V*Xe#Y)Cwr"v#8"#XEޮ9IgUfW#ģ-MŎ37cb.J[ :-FnHt2:LUXVmnu ߌ=ZI_4WI]n:,r^n6(NE6*/ UP:UDz/d\]Wp} S7 xB?U?PKN@ndrs/charts/colors1.xmlAn0E| $ d]u;X=kHHf$WH[k|mc׬ Zq|j:$Cd8IP^dyz  ]Sratd%7,KmZD553v:BO#%75DaCZvXN'SY 5 ,yW)xMF 84~lP]N_PKN@CVPdrs/e2oDoc.xmlRKN0#q{$(DM)ElPpqKGcgaŎSp$$M7<_!; ^YxQ"2>?nMkdNEq}5w]bW$(a|rZ2Ƽ~d4xWY<` @zinXEc2tᗈ_9>\·U\Z`dӛr8wkn D9M(18{N?_?IL8eYXm m3H'xs]u~WoPK N@drs/chart/_rels/PKN@?V~drs/chart/_rels/chart1.xml.relsN0Ew$!N C R8/cGKӍ T 1-#߁P AQtν;4G[B*C&b[{цp)G}ШV]_9N] ˴c)B(1&`i)Ѯ@X%*%Ǝ*.J[Xdi>Rp9~fSF22.)QyTLL]rL5L՞k"ӌ)82FcJyT#dӻ`0eQ]q - _Ljn?͐M?*1 0PcUG˚ OPKN@8.+[Content_Types].xmlMN0H%n@5킔% T`ٓ&i{{&I+$Txyro k!b]3pm ~8$;(/7!2R;,xRxU Vb8T>Z^(΃/%Trk[zH gO`* 4J&J*ZP#!'e?ubpqu~uh`o2i)i~LT_UrmM۞2_dSo|1t@a:In^wEhG,eĒd^s/WE_PKN@8.+ W[Content_Types].xmlPK N@g_rels/PKN@f<  _rels/.relsPK N@drs/PK N@ Fdrs/_rels/PKN@y۲! ndrs/_rels/e2oDoc.xml.relsPK N@ ]drs/chart/PK N@drs/chart/_rels/PKN@?V~ drs/chart/_rels/chart1.xml.relsPKN@ / drs/chart/chart1.xmlPK N@  drs/charts/PKN@n drs/charts/colors1.xmlPKN@J`" drs/charts/style1.xmlPKN@bSK "drs/downrev.xmlPKN@CVP drs/e2oDoc.xmlPK &8Z  Bd? f̙33: " P(    `0e0eRectangle 1031`   V*    S 6 Rectangle 2      T0e0e Rectangle 3 @  4 >  ̙339Nxtɖ%*f%3d1bL3333%Y4]<տgz5wyoDdf8q"㜜@̮<@@o@9D 쿾*/oP~';a '"NwhD';1߉Nwx'; INwd?m! dm*:A!dI"S_8=0 w" d d?U_z=P-dd5/"o:k읆?>O׏_ۿ?0_!t!xo}ÊoB$wFVL@5+g/gC}뉀0M#E DC-t\m]9` YkB/ߏ:V+JJ`' %lDBQEBbe:0'4>ЏT֢0 "o#\ S`UWk_u xjI3ni!/FM?#ԫċz* |(hX1=GM GT;084:9Mg4X%1Edɿ+uV7 ujq hj՝&vrnsQ Vj2;)`BeNi3A;I{~ZjT)"9Z7w @[ G4//?=%cgdizcV$@/7=W`ŲO@OGr VoFdSRg?~SZLݰp4Aʩ j|29:.s8civm ?)1sUf`Rs8Q[UДef&|_tر`/GB!-"̩h-&ң`6rt"hC&n<@յr\*?Ѣ{? ~4>&oJK;oR(`w : {OQ6;&LJyrVQˍG_擲;\ɇSWCdp<]Yȶ!@ ~G#cPfq!;z;Ǚ-Y9Ǚyҝ, C$5AsaVl>M쎴Iq~NNFY_[ ٸF' ltgf׻(ڟD,w\^H %*8q+y N L] q;KUm5:v45έX^њ*sG c8i z c`s=YO xɹC_dks{Bede>?^&B?"1e3%I4ENI!5u*Lۿ+^s]8h[?h{^thsmkőKv`Br gv-aE >}.K DB> |++G)i*fϓڱp=w$^xFd0v}!]7OaLTh *3SpI<ƛ:h$_1p,|2MA~.RW]$ILRӜ5RM,5zos@҃ ,Sژ1z~b2v"n\sTí&3Cq+Yu)u7ɁAŰYmLV8ǤpPQ\Fـ?۷G"p6Lq:YȐpcww;^w2j5@,s)~~|>6_޳-;APfag܌O`#<U)|1@,1 O_*0+@W ̯$4åe[CH~^p>wP#*}JD|Űk~d< r*Ǘ%88X@-vpnX=hHgilo/B5#_!!NE׾NinC޼: mSQ|7Dw:#b!cF V\).*{eE&bx=Ҝ8|@TE֤iLkqZ`B%b2ΝwV | o_h&gA&s'%^Ocf"K% f S$f]w9'd*4O? |ŴcsHV=]+sB%6}K|?nTf1=O*![:RpEYE "hV/~q0%5 TMviKI9ew48^5 B=ORW-UtifH/c}RIKz90ֈa:x@RNWB>v4G Y:C藼d` &?I%?Ng3/Jlη=ON{kL?'#(:W?0So<0&f) Y38&HPgkl]q6 LNG km()wf|ű,Pf+܊%s:ל3 iJ d%_4"9U1({*P C9^7,GUrMJ>\Vi,Ϊ*YQ\m\K|1KNvbpi\ *1Ň#xevpJrcQխ[RY8j[g%A{Ŝݟ PV Y)xv )ƌI- f:9^1 ׫:# 3>D)s̓S5.`SxM3<-n0 G &d)⵺niXAu/`ļL[ѻF6`5bjk*1ٿ B }/hR3e٘& ,{5T3K". ylσP|fB3}oпuFVJ<@wWO\Bl!8/ּ>VsJ+N7յk)q7DC\ !ڙ*8菄Y|]Fh@aY9V*_0-aV1=Nj3( zm-P֏AZd,(c' IqȢbAU@d WnEAJ%Je8(Dtj8 1a F*)>2MG_XӘ u(svN{\b침衘ziŅcVtL, KdTVXo,P% RUt4zKQ@_il]C}rlF#L5Nx=9ύ>4d`y--֎͸zt.+Miq8 *酫DE{N>o\@گo5+!FH BΖ/yJ;lXHZX4Yˁ+]*y\u:`'&9D~=WMV=ׯ`NQĦN.Xh`;27:cŽZS6Unր.1%/l,_^O6k:ZV@ ]V{9JlW,;`{T=s)we۰qz}ug9 ͦЬ++ 9B 6UJZo bxIC͞y/(lf.UuNl(78ց@/c`bǼyk'QYp\sc*db, $)ϴRʃ;Gyvl8n[$k>"7ah}<)DcR,c/ u,vǒf&,i=XhňSk[eRlUcO|Zȝgvk_U= ^j)Y~u>e<&y8yZ&3ü}oN1.K6WnWZSNQ>fhގ~+tM dL] =K̎@}d;9ERʰ7rp02HSؿkW/{WP.:ګZ{^ {4U r{ϗfeh؎X8ײUxi)mxk^F3ױ4=j\T ?f!fbEJz`k&0OStJUI;o.y^GF7;O-4N6^覃PS1t/z՟>L({ mĺQE\{M/7+V9&s[#<.\95=V㱖+^#aKWq)W:y[+Sjkؾ/ku-oqO2Ӊه ±FWw \t>7efFrXY_zH\};w:mrM9?J,9Z _$H9nn#W~ukvګ-/ֹQ@H n5u@e> zz^/9 "~x4 .g*XCyP%O4esALwmObΩYܼe ū<0\F &Q@"x&UO{;vѱL6EnCۜ6jLOWW-6`bÐT ȥ׹ӺO]xDž¾sEv7d:ˣ$G);k̰#H-NX( iJQ=* EގG-KG#AGW6ͦG$4zɔl a&@PÀ-/*l#O.XL˺Y |Z4j*r,%jQ|%P%J(n7A$ih2# hN:dW2w Ũa>ڋq3CH!*sQ'-@1K"#qI{U7WFL Hì hmR,@1%?iF\P2Oas9SˀHsh8\$C f< MK;:|"8{R$2!xJZJZV!,%W&^2n`@D2 :x7 9VɬJߟ\x ޠ%porYRDj.N;!jWZwaN?Zbtxj]%%e[! +†Qr3tZ3M*k8- N$+Qr -Nk8-[Ho̽t!: 'DĄ˘m8(0땧e1vcל*@ˋͿs6'ȋ.eyS]јS*{Tװ gY: 0A"O3JdfJ`hM 3# HHp& I. ƀIsSbef¯]@6'z26P)eYϥb:@C}-nc>邗EAwSz +&yTϣ {ԚUFj*}ڏS2H/E.rȧ&w4$'1(1,j1[]ǷߘڻhUɺFWNTxZU"8& ?+k7R{Ḍ=ViOZw8u{ZD^ζY`Lš) /jLm*9u O 6/$DDFɖ qx*?_9rGA3|fdqVm1JM-$ 0c=u8L"cEײ!v(pNêӾm#Ͻ`[ƽbhɪS^tqωʁ=V>TνOH_/o栌p].)|bA. d M7,?PLF;=c͈ebe ݯ8pvΧ{rn'F$H着ҳ6UU"&h- p:.qA΂V\xW1aHGB9l1 rY8p -cRyGu>М-Eh ?9ZvUCzGr=K AM)Fܦa8]t5Z Dpt `>ϩ*j 5 ⎞ZZ:j?7{n݅gh:/7Shcn|/׳/8kiR z 4MbN9j?^vјkOqkp^tMO&sK8wmNǤbh$W W>l-ہp@Whu!Yx-v:ɐó-Kw~:,E†\]KAǍ{m,>!aj..N<%UkQT'ںڑtcA4&`M9|ux2Dh#KڐE0!"i2 \ 'Ȍ]q}-確4udKys=)(9'I͕heC| mz/ۑ--dmt[M/t[+qő!H҆NrwXQ }f9 5U.8Ň\%ЙŸ:rZo"%ޚ> T%9DbEbLPɨe>D?.Ć8 p_ǹojT>-1}qI>(Z; lduV0BIUK8[^^,Z&|AwEOfAp2X7D[BA}`ј`ZAq. >r Y~&MeCyµJ;FXoKR󁞤8ph@$m [6ZuX&QVdp4UhG;]T"Rv32\9@>uQAB#]81s"k\V>k("o[V%~wI- ŸxXa,@0;4y/'e?"#'ȯR'[j·5,0բѳ6Z3ɘ d c Ne+fEF@ B&Dr4͡䧨* 4<̬ؐus]SQOб`sܱDlɩm~%15Fpfzfࢀ`\H(Ւlҵ OH@H^ (Dž6kˤ`?ȿTgB"Wx-?]eJJֺV B?v`Pr `&yF:uuJ{Lrc7 t{S+ /~bה(pP4͹hVʎǒL;(jƾ#ˡ2ْ#ݳwaiҝu>G;'X!dw%XHn}ҪR!mo+kLڴ35_iM?n.t=m ݀+u@Έt`;VGWVpX[짽jRGϵLN GJc?˞piD{6fF+X8u}^.8sz̬q|MJas@Z6ـڼh8}aXr<Ǯ,Vu`VAytY#n?0uLK˗+!RߟV$Y)IidN\Qzհ\0߰2hPRJc?'Z;XjEkվ FMsCCy `v5#vD5SeDW8Ȼ|6j]B_EJ$f<-uoTx5B`.QGea1SIm Rkrf{߿@uIj{Ҧ wWr}<003@Ḱ-t~cikzʾoCCe e߮㐘䙲'NjiD3h )b0!w܄>0)èU; 2>sY%QWOb2evqrvsI8 +Lu *HېN'C :-ްa7|d} L  vIAXY'N@ȱS1ӮiiTEM݀A!zi~z@HsEJz ߂rHVZ9x%iQGQMӤLp%5Kxqנ sG۶Dh8q:!>}ᆣ7RcDjz gMe]Dw9V 6,Uʗ!$ EUIʐn} ~~0>-  Rq8Dj% ?~#Y@r{W.̝ky<"3eP@9OS]tY9լYn1Ƀ@md a;ӊ|\rC\H#>o`@@qrٽoEr z+l {&C)Z2w/V8.%p([ #OpoWN2BāVTq$_r[oxo|2 䙇n;yjO#t89_nYahHG Cj;(۹F u0N {!һ1|ၝs%%X\DG"Ei-: nk~ InG.g9OeKElbC E6^t{; ( :V@(TxYHKmߌޕy-g"86.B6:UVz6̀.⋭!ѣ9r;%1g4S>[a53t:*e) &ˬMų^dٍv/5#'EY*Y, 1) {}0C{W>f~> t$lzao݈WRs9(Y8osn^БO ٤U6R%yw8l=(z8mz8R3l M=eÝw2]:7Ż>k]1 x}]40+7i{FO&E',d14K6{UYOXj)LFӥsP#8K//ah#oԩwQޙ aߜU=Jo] B?oF#%2SIdO2gUmLL}Jp@V<ʊh MM[<[+W;OjNmK=_imȃ7U"ſ&\ja3u-v]}! .9y:&\12y&!Q7=. rsnHip\Ӯh{pxWI+͂uxpoimh's8EYǃ8QZ=f%iX)d[ -e=܄݃lhm ggmc} o-&_u+(t'h:ۺޓ$\S)&"wˏuop652~R"0,)A&+/`u~"WK_1 >i@ېQ~ 43yc1d "a-Ltu`$ 9Q7|G3?hsO[6X4l/6Ю=9_ĕ@\":3&n6[P|zu{{zz*>%фV] y2dv[AQW!t"b^L$TM䌛32}?pφ Q;G5U7b@s*qߎP8OVJzp]D bX'dfNz!E"Fv784Ldw;8 F4#t1E&u$jlFə6DeDNbMqlɒ)XJ:ГsCX'M`KzdBWcU2#4Y;F;|lkϚ=jyM#$. 1cX"qq( HD=;@/Q Qe դ{8|FRZ>002i.ajK!2/^|( wA:tQ >i SA ݯVleB"?J87d9 np;J5R 'Aݙˍ_*QvTՋmeF Z\v:y yv/1$Lt!)^~q "B?@FS On 7M޺DC|=}ŖV0Bxr||){Jʼ9\xs-ĺ6_HjX]Cc>MȥPGťڀ (f%$d^A\oEفN ׽o}&ճ"i ,>+ ]D-d;U`QKTɲiɑ65 5P+P;>GZܯG_p96Ѣ?DzV  CꛭWQQ.d,lw>[h2 !t!#gxh]gU]6Siѕ`=2*K6^[YP;JN`#eR(a+-XOd4k hq5ax(Dk-X.,bBHiFG[d@DV֤~2~ߣæ8<*,ufѽ`'(K>j@pd14XuWx! t@Q<_ P⿢/ſfʿ ?_DW7?wNOKͨE 'Bp3쿮_;_[Rk_fg}1k_M?wįY#$/L|}q^xy0HxpI.b-&-X[Lh,I3w{7Ƌu|ݕPyN<]u&7r6xz___H _ 9 !_B¼ a_B?UB"全/D{! 1^Bb煸/{! ^HS(l_^N/ؼ_Mh5_Aյtĕi*S98naO1#X64C+U,_M_Sy=n/g 2q0X#uF5+3 KO ޯsuɚ::ښ8:*~5cyӽ|p6qcd\q7{Om(H:@XhYVHyXKE$z*vƎ:tnVy9~0Gz$ZwV YO(e-R\aNIAIw?J1WV }SM[5x+,iʃ_JDbD:PݝXgP ]HԻ=]Jr ᜫ@7c71R!9 ؾ6DI .'0BDdc^pjlv@>0i%m“OF={E2VzFNQRٮ 3i)fi&_p^M0//%'C9[9ӽ3+@߄f_&Z\u% v 7RޖOТw?,?1;ٜ }uK7HSX*s9z\(ƲA>"|v8I(먲+5% Xs3~u698v,hpwtTV_-(iI ʡ6fE"cir/3A4u?qjРy{>қn4GsCǤz4W/z+Cx^3G؜o%)ލh|`PT]^ OTlI][T(x"Gg5O}Q%ٌ 6Nm\&5P}g-%X=\p_̲p-(a fzeb~{Xh[ a?j^c&DE'Mcw|dKIYJDžaPapPX͖=CqSzeTޘmY:䛮•NG*q*ѪRjE"أЄF̖O@mc[ ;DI9|Q?~?+ޱ2B;}sׄ|5i `KqF̴hHqN(!;4N "o{mj br=a=dbBtͻN}[)!1w[P9n*. LDXѤrE3r4b4$N ݇ !Kr2ϹxSh,9-E.> {酚χOVi`sHaamc7d6+ mG$YX |.'RTW!a2tcYkkaL豼=7V #ai^G\UI('QlNDmj3Aժ/ufQb(fiPVRD{!?MF6<揾xrjMVEìzJN1[L=3!wUB9JEV_+~Ja%-5Ūm()(U<&ūz][l> + \K;g^)[q|`^.]h{ < cVX<; gߖ)jkh\y/P[k c^Dz ]d*?{fsxkIH\%uB*`%c[K=/U[U|-Gn O vn#bU֙ćC\_G25H]Bh/r[Y9=sm5%猭Vd~l[U~)]vl^t}wWsB}כ*]$ XZĤ))k2EH],fZ̔@Ƙ!;AO\SY>0<p-J|E$pynNuh$0+7! TJD|K?.eqZ  '͏ZLR`1%Jö+knFZT&;YYwS(R֊}v7΄cO hN()D5pxڅ#џ"ښ;҅GW>8WHcKb=uz,6ݠ"ƪߩպ5]WpL sãa3/0y։atcfqˍzC3XF`K"~r)-7rw"k$2oţ.$WDRikQ@jk(TjG,E{B L9qy*M:}aL[gaZ/*EccLrF~XYf>8X_,4N[;rCE?垞3~& ā%<.$nIO՚,p5E Dg= 6H᜗Y;gj"¸$v)@:PQb?` 7׵6:(mg%>Vb[p)I7ןj8=Vr@QK6c[Sє?KK;[ʶ?(^V #>8,?6#V+5lq#rli%shմ1/<47rnj}zKYOeC"Y7p?ץAp*p}Q#4r&inW)D%>Qk>.U#hwÑO66=)ZA r*9_QaX.׵@?G8"~04[5zz24 payC;[c!k͎І~~VmokID*~8v\jĎzd@.Pٽef2o𩅨 qd7W&f;ZZlkX34z` TӉmp;9F@ \(`S7M'bFRQdbPO_>9tRIqn! qۏuF5n"!!6TT!H3"xd3| +q喚6Gb*,].7AFBg,]JlMt{FoUW,VE36ņhұ׶zݮistQ]_u[*|ZxRhrT &}쒘e0< ǩWLE,A[KƖ~7tD. b&aϲ/2A~o0p_~7SW_Ewfh|.YFQfYlKHHX&m .gΒ7+ښ$[s,s5($C5p8Y"Pk=:vt =µQ7nskHێ6J\BU$Cl=ߡ%vl9TzM]ЃG^>z=%C0sY? YYw跆Na0V.F{ #1 ({혚dd"9ߒ =RtF.GJ5QбFW+땍%e 2 gK䅷uW(ߝCf,ݲJk< Y<[p#a s(K`-/ds5I͆kXxJ>ͽwQ,6w<|da9~>lk aፏ1kn᝸  >qz,FJW!"mj5!})ٴȃOVꈥU,Cn8f W3 .  ЫEI[2Kԝ+b/TEo9R0Պ\k"C!2^ߧCBuTxtkBR,w$h$|۽'-y2MwHGŒ'@Єc5<8 V\ئtk&Ãcf|1 齉 p N,X15˞\V.(5^*?Vz`hMqgzd&Zpcrn7TĻMkiU@>=2#/xjqN齈&2^uЙkE*\:#j!-KR/OPA-E / :xu4iggI`8NJ d 0̰'elXZI" :rc!kqh A"Y2/:U6)tu`7`? űncؠ$3~hvѬP@KI1>w&˃'eЌѼlHGJ cRbި7]5Zg^J2R`gctb`Zs`gjlߟkv^r@Fa\ 2oQ]r= oHEB-:H S3O>/<yb9iq~ ^1#]2A~ssEx5o5g>6 uBTQv`pY-wӥgCEn7#WPBiF׊>Ѫ !sς:^έ054C^X?-cSáп> >#9rplpYU#PjxI|Y}C2Tȏ \SӧՓ^H5d^{#ϧk6c?8 }%Q&encU‘OvO<N铵dڅ2-Жp|]%1P?usWBlI,,>F¥Қībd=NYnaG̾ oD+܉;J AP:C,A3]P5C!2e1Mf# "uw?BC6 ~f,.w76>VO\uQF9N)둁_D:Gwz1;@Tbީ{1g%e#4!T!0 ۥ좧_RV~4rۀ@-o&4yiH6Xx3F)JL}s`{m3FzƕgfH| $iͰ`t }/ch?w{1@ hffV$p%*sCÏ~nyI8dG< ~sRpsZ@ E9дlK(5FnQM[Hܿ< |]R;D$|ͼbh逢轿Uvuݽ'FJ}!8j)ߖtr o /xr %t{ޘ6֊gzz}7aSyPAiȫ^U>֭v=Vwħ*8qe>HzRm(V䂉3kb㜪0^1~VTxala00# ̋4?,1 7u1ەc\V_;Lfǃɞ-+5Tyo5wxrrMMrNaM(\ ձh-޸Q (fK߫ۍƉ,ܳO 4+`6Z@m wD tu@~ *;4{;buC2Tw_B r*Dq4cOqr5<4flMX^}f(Oз縅P:%ԠhO۳"Oup )M15b&Ԅ(!ѣ-kEOwFS!R,eRcG R5UL.Ijv | 2F4S4L5HZ&ls14$,5HB&lmE7vPv+f)&3d_2Gg6D]жAr/iл9˛ PAМ\9-TB89)B,$¹ L/aL2t6h5s8`w.f^3](, \5 :gh~5HT' LaW9I:}C1HO'6c=AbIPǀ)|ew^ C|k 4ؘnAnvBVVnGPUoaͺ̥H\)cr}uH"%%u_,~m;{/ƟD/։L=:= Ry\;` [tчJ0}E-w϶l?cls/!e!Ln%Aq VO]iStV7`_LS =ӊgumb̵9Ra52?sn[+;41$qfEN~ŘgȕHG~so<\C46v:s:p18&[ZV55R"F?LeDρ5* JyORcĂG߭qS/ ?cZ_q&vעgPW񄓅p䬅py1)!Y$AQjfcc[σ''to`PT I|y;T)7y.768qwa4Bϊ=cH"%l!;]f{Ws! iM?&Dx68G763))7k t<j0ݙb`7/9#hӓ|&@hYJ"uà>J"`$P3Q6#bQY"y3uj,u 8>*jl2f ^I$C2z"#G` Zy(kgplh/OW'7,ȫ5 َ3<#XG4S nxHGoh{P&Jcz_%/Ww3.m] ,]!?if#^<e1 K@v$3%4R}@L߱A܊"^[ASIuoR0peZ`'`p -v&svx8jbI֒6^{N_ythpMa׽sC&`>8{^MWF')MP;UjV*߱yO˲XIqq^ZTe6wĐV|w;*ĉ8tPsxmGEЇE{Qk7<.hfˊCpD Zo厈&V\&Ԥu]h.+;ԚG6(̪xp:׎{1#AgϮ/)jv6t-oBe! !.$nX/0@Q#CwCI%҇uEDQ&ct' ag 黩3TCDEob 9DTL}!ƣMJ3,%gzn(Kۊ \Q?M' 6Pl}9?1,bݏ4bʛ͡qTu!מRQT:y(y>s$T!vfH/=}#}ް3)ʙMxHu\~b_#˃N3¢_Z ǿ -7W2(,q: 4%`col>)gյXckV(v 0bRJ8qrR_?*ILI6EI㖞\D~e?Ҋ`!!iN,I'5l(R# db`hx},R!fx P|]=ncQݝ!I\Y 8:qRZ\J#ʱ].\UT3))S)8,ݰ!cb-\ҥi2qTƺ]J]$CHtsEPYӓ qJ_ xOmZ:٥s/#e}ͷOMay 7AE' 48*B_ {0P֒΂E@!IQ#¹~`CB(QSk0R/ӏ9 A+CO xG|`.yKG;£t$ЮXͩaI%A5J}ӍW>t%]]X94Zy9e byWʤ ]UI~BeERi_"r:\х%K.8Ov 6T+i%dpe$9_1?jg;mU״d8R?|?wMx~ڤ-y[y;9i0&X#96Xs[rYM.fyaRs8yklk>S'׋ݐ@F vL%אVЁ^9jQ (br*BE-cktQ&;"ڭZfUgfH}]Hh )+$ݜN"Pj*0Ni nٜ Pdrc%}3s,;$) 1j-Fsm ".RuMov!Ѐ|kܦQΏX@Shm>MwZݸY(]dgrl'}mAQE^~ M˭%UJAN0>|?ۙJ޻͋-1Dw(#1<4L(R17+u K!3R,cٙPkT]-:l`LTDԡ(1|a Bᩫbk)i*F쳒Jkٸ}Y)αb.veW}9̊ ꄜ:e8Q_>zKBg%eFGi ixvt v?qƇ FPe7$B LuɊm mҝv5sk<{`GHFaR Ԅ|0T ).Rܥ_)+)69ل D|} ;@{oVm8ٴz X1o!X:d'TTǗf *FbpUצD 'pK1 .Dܤ :%ɓ7PO~9ovqƒjzfV} wX9:;X^=?wvvؽ$+t 8hE y30Z$]DRj}{zKL$uz"I-MĖҸ]VdPPF[MϷ*QC(d\{`FJ4#$J>UPGD|6CLR[xŞ}QP~HQ)#߆kSx T?+O Ԫf IoD.rc2JRx.Uki=v5sP);@ F)u񧠝mY,40mz>D_."c<]u7{~_q]= ?/_lu_o-k8߈]pe#/_ F/o ~-띻x]рk=^15dR7F5=_ -߹W3JY~j5@AǗ^& ;; lHyMnԮ@SummaryInformation( @DocumentSummaryInformation8PowerPoint Document(      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghiklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Pictures̢Current User2_㝇lenovolenovoi